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Note: Front Cover -- The Role of Water in Agriculture -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- List of Publications (July, 1969) -- List of Figures -- List of Authors -- CHAPTER I. Definite rainfall measurements and their significance for Agriculture -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER II. Sources of error in Agricultural water budgets -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Identifying the sources of error -- 3. Accidental errors -- 4. Systematic errors -- 5. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER III. Evapotranspiration and the water balance in a small clay catchment -- INSTRUMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -- THE APPLICATION OF THE WATER BALANCE EQUATION -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER IV. Variations in sediment production from three East Yorkshire catchments -- Techniques and Methods -- The Hodge Beck Catchment -- The Catchment Drain Catchment -- The Drewton Beck Catchment -- The Hodge Beck Catchment -- The Catchwater Drain Catchment -- Drewton Beck -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER V. Sediment yields from Forested and Agricultural lands -- SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM BRITISH AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTED LANDS -- EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT YIELDS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER VI. The effect of Agricultural treatment on quantity of water available in the soil -- Introduction -- Techniques -- Results -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER VII. The current trends in the use of water for Agriculture -- Uses other than for irrigation Quantities -- Quality of water -- Sources of water -- Future prospects -- Irrigation Development -- Irrigation water requirements -- Quality of water -- The Water Resources Act, 1963 -- Irrigation economics -- Charges for water - River Authorities -- Charges for public water supply -- Future prospects -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER VIII. The water requirements of particular stock producing systems -- 1. Water required for drinking -- 2. Water required for production of stock feed -- 3. Water required for cleansing -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER IX. Water resource management and the needs of Agriculture -- Introduction -- Recent trends in water consumption -- The available resources -- Conservation and the Water Resources Act, 1963 -- Water resources and changing technology -- The problem of irrigation -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER X. Limited Irrigation in crop production -- The need for limited irrigation -- Response of crops to limited irrigation -- The mechanism of the responses to altered water supply -- The limitation of water-need -- Results obtained by limited irrigation -- Irrigation in the future -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER XI. The cumulative effects of irrigation on fruit crops -- Soft fruits -- Top fruit -- Discussion -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER XII. Estimates of long-term irrigation needs -- Introduction -- Methods of obtaining estimates of long-term irrigation needs -- Use of the maps -- Discussion of accuracy and possible errors -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER XIII. The flexibility of land-use in relation to the water balance -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER XIV. Edited summary of the discussions:conclusions and implications -- II IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- LIST OF DISCUSSANTS -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Modified Polymers: Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reactive Telechelic Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Oligomers -- 3. Synthesis and Structure of Segmented Copolymers Based on PDMS -- 3.1. Siloxane-Urethane Copolymers -- 3.2. Siloxane-Urea Copolymers -- 3.3. Siloxane-Ester Copolymers -- 3.4. Siloxane-Amide Copolymers -- 3.5. Siloxane-Imide Copolymers -- 4. Properties and Applications of Segmented Copolymers Based on PDMS -- 4.1. Morphology and Bulk Properties -- 4.2. Surface Properties -- 4.3. Applications of the PDMS-Based Copolymers -- 5. Synthesis of Polyurethane Networks Based on PDMS -- 6. Properties and Applications of Polyurethane Networks Based on PDMS -- 7. Nanocomposites Based on PDMS -- 8. Blends Based on PDMS -- Conclusion and Future Trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Design of Coordination Networks from Polynuclear Mn(II, III) and Fe(III) Oxo-Carboxylate Clusters -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Oxo-Trinuclear Mn(II, III) and Fe(III) Carboxylate Clusters-Based CPs -- 2.1. One-Dimensional Oxo-Trinuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 2.2. Two-Dimensional Oxo-Trinuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 2.3. Three-Dimensional Oxo-Trinuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 3. Oxo-Tetranuclear Mn(II, III) and Fe(III) Carboxylate Clusters-Based CPs -- 3.1. One-Dimensional Oxo-Tetranuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 4. Oxo-Hexanuclear Mn(II, III) and Fe(III) Carboxylate Clusters-Based CPs -- 4.1. One-Dimensional Oxo-Hexanuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 4.2. Two-Dimensional Oxo-Hexanuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 4.3. Three-Dimensional Oxo-Hexanuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Siloxanes and Silicones Based on Phosphorylated and Aminated Alkoxysilanes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Phosphorylation of Alkoxysilane Derivatives -- 3. Introduction of N-Alkylamino Groups to Alkoxysilane Derivatives -- 4. Derivatives of Alkoxysilanes with Aminophosphonate Fragments -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polyoxometalates: Structural Diversity and Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inorganic-Organic Hybrids of 1,10 Phenanthroline -- 2.1. Transition Metal Substituted Inorganic Hybrids with 1,10 Phenanthroline -- 2.2. Lanthanoid Substituted 3d-4f Hybrid Inorganic Organic Hybrids with 1,10 Phenanthroline -- 3. Inorganic-Organic Hybrids of 2,2′ Bipyridine -- 4. Inorganic-Organic Hybrids of 4,4′ Bipyridine Ligands -- 5. Inorganic-Organic Hybrids of Ethylenediamine -- 6. Inorganic-Organic Hybrid with Imidazole, Isonicotinic Acid and Tetrazole -- 6.1. Hybrids Containing Imidazole as Organic Ligand -- 6.2. Hybrids Containing Isonicotinic Acid -- 6.3. Hybrids Containing Tetrazole -- 7. Applications -- 7.1. Applications in Medicine -- 7.2. Photocatalytic Applications -- 7.3. Application in Solar Cells -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Recent Progress and Developments in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photoelectrodes for Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MoS2-Based Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) -- 3. Different Strategies for Efficient Photocatalysis -- 3.1. Metal/Non-Metal Ion Doping -- 3.2. Surface Defects/Chemical Modifications -- 3.3. Coupling of Two Semiconductor Systems -- 3.4. Nanocrystalline Films and Crystal Facet Engineering -- 4. Future Challenges and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6 -- In Vitro Digestive Properties of Cooked Rice and Its Eluate -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Cooking Rice and Sampling the Eluate. , 2.3. In Vitro Enzymatic Digestion Using α-Amylase -- 2.4. Measurement of Amylose Content in Rice Samples -- 2.5. Size Exclusion Chromatography Analysis -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Molecular Properties of the Rice Eluate -- 3.2. Comparison of In Vitro Digestion Property of the Eluate by Cooking Rice with that of Cooked Rice -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil in the Presence of Composite Catalysts -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Preparation of Composite Catalysts -- 2.2. Characterization of Composite Catalysts -- 2.3. Experiments -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Catalyst Characterization -- 3.2. Catalytic Experiments -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticle as an Environmental Remediating Agent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Crystal Structure of MnO2 -- Expression of Photocatalytic Activity by MnO2 -- Effect of pH on Organic Pollutant Removal Efficiency -- Removal of Organic Pollutants by MnO2 Nanostructures -- Benefits of MnO2 Nanocomposite over MnO2 Nanostructure -- Removal of Organic Pollutants by MnO2 Composite -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Applications of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds in Peptide Synthesis -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt as Coupling Reagent for Peptide Synthesis -- 2.1. Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Coupling Reagents and Their Chemical Structures -- 2.2. Preparation of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Coupling Reagents -- 2.2.1. Preparation of Aminium Coupling Reagents -- 2.2.2. Preparation of Phosphonium Coupling Reagents -- 2.3 Mechanism of Coupling Reaction Directed by Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 2.4. Reactivities of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1. Modification of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents on the Benzotriazole Moiety -- 2.4.1.1. 6-Cl-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.2. CF3/NO2-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.3. 7-Aza-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.4. HODhbt (HOOBt) Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.2. Modification of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents on the Bis(disubstituted amino)methylium or Tris(disubstituted amino)phosphonium Skeleton -- 3. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole as Coupling Additive for Peptide Synthesis -- 4. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole as pH Modifier for Peptide Synthesis -- 4.1. DKP Formation -- 4.2. Aspartimide Formation. , 4.3. C-terminal Cysteine Racemization and β-elimination in SPPS -- 5. Stability and Side Reactions of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.1. Degradation of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.2. Side Reactions Induced by Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.2.1. Guanidine Formation from the Function between Uronium/Aminium Coupling Reagents and Amino Group -- 5.2.2. Pyrrolidide Formation in PyBOP-Mediated Reaction -- 5.2.3. HODhbt-Induced Peptide Nα-Azidobenzoylation and 2-Amino-5-Hydroxybenzoylation -- 5.2.4. Endo/Des-XaaC-terminal Impurity Formation -- 5.2.5. Counterion Adulteration by Uronium/Aminium Coupling Reagents -- 5.2.6. Hazards of the Benzotriazol-1-oxyl Coupling Reagents/Additives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 -- A Mixture of Persulfate and Activated Charcoal is an Effective Reagent for the Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides from Thiols and Hydrazides in Aqueous Solution -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Section -- 2.1. General Experimental Information and Materials -- 2.1.1. Activation of Charcoal -- 2.1.2. General Procedure for Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides from Thiols and Aryl Hydrazine -- 2.1.3. 4-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3a) -- 2.1.4. N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3b) -- 2.1.5. N-(3-Fluorophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3c) -- 2.1.6. N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3d) -- 2.1.7. N-(2-Bromophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3e) -- 2.1.8. N-(Phenyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonohydrazide (3f) -- 2.1.9. N-(4-((2-Phenylhydrazineyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)acetamide (3g) -- 2.1.10. 4-Chloro-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3h) -- 2.1.11. 4-Bromo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3i) -- 2.1.12. 2-Bromo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3j) -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch. , Chapter 4 -- A Review on Recent Advancement in Synthetic Techniques and Applications of Metal-Organic Framework (MOFs) -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background -- 3. Structure of MOF -- 3.1. Metal Nodes -- 3.2. Organic Linkers -- 3.3. Porous Structure -- 3.4. Crystalline Order -- 3.5. Harmonious Properties -- 3.6. Dimensionality -- 3.7. Topology and Framework Geometry -- 3.8. Defects and Disorder -- 4. Synthesis Methodology of MOF -- 4.1. Solvothermal or Hydrothermal Method -- 4.2. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis -- 4.3. Ultrasound-assisted Method -- 4.4. Mechano-chemical Synthesis -- 4.5. Iono-Thermal Process -- 4.6. Sono-Chemical Synthesis -- 4.7. Electrochemical Synthesis -- 4.8. Microemulsion Method -- 4.9. Diffusion Methods -- 5. Applications of Metal-Organic Framework -- 5.1. Applications in Food Matrices -- 5.2. Applications in Adsorption -- 5.3. Applications of MOFs in Catalysis -- 5.4. Applications in Drug Delivery -- 5.5. Applications of MOFs in Biosensing -- Conclusion -- Declarations -- Funding -- Conflict of Interest -- Informed Consent Statement -- Availability of Data and Materials -- Authors Contributions -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Copper (II) Schiff Base Complexes with Chloro Groups as Antivirus Drug Candidates Against Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JaGAr strain) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Japanese Encephalitis the Deadly Virus -- Properties of Artificial Metalloproteins and Advantages of Computational Chemistry -- Types and Appropriateness of Calculation Software -- Protein Structure Preparation -- Ligand Structure Preparation -- Docking Simulation -- Protein Preparation Using AlphaFold 2 -- Preparation of the Ligand to be Used -- Docking Simulation Settings -- Drug Likeness -- ADMET -- Ligand Statur -- Gold Results -- Drug-Likeness -- ADMET Property Analysis. , Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Pyridine and Quinoline Bases from Coking Products -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pyridine Bases of Coal Coking Products -- Processing of Light Pyridine Bases -- Separation of Pyridine Bases from Coke Oven Gas -- Processing of Crude Light Pyridine Bases -- Further Processing of Fractions Obtained During Rectification of Crude Light Pyridine Bases -- Processing of β-Picoline Fraction -- Processing of the 2,4-Lutidine Fraction -- Processing of Heavy Pyridine Bases -- Pyridine Extraction of Coal Tar Fractions -- Processing of Quinoline Bases -- Purification of Crude Quinoline Bases. Traditional Methods -- Methods Under Development -- Development of Methods for Obtaining Pyridine Bases from Coke-Chemical Raw Materials -- Pyridine Bases of Coke-Chemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Valorisation of Glycerol by Acetalization Reactions Using Heterogeneous Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Acetalization of Glycerol with Ketones -- Acetalization of Glycerol with Aldeheydes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Glycerol Selective Oxidation into Value-Added Products. The Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Research and Professional Experience: -- Professional Appointments: -- Honors: -- Publications from the Last 3 Years: -- Chapter 9 -- Glycerin Mediated Synthesis of 7,10,11,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[c]Acridin-8(9H)-Ones Under Solvent and Transition Metal Free Conditions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- General Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of 7,10,11,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[C]Acridin-8(9H)-One Derivatives: General Procedure -- Physical and Spectra Data -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References. , Biographical Sketch -- Research and Professional Experience -- Professional Appointments -- Publications from the Last 3 Years -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Clean Limonene Transformations into Added-Value Compounds of Fine Chemistry Using Heterogeneous Catalysis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oxidation Transformations of Limonene -- Epoxidation of Limonene -- PW-Amberlite as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Limonene Epoxidation -- Allylic Oxidation of Limonene -- Phthalocyanines as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Limonene Allylic Oxidation -- Mechanism of Products Formation in Limonene Allylic Oxidation -- Isomerization/Rearrangement of Limonene -- Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation of Limonene -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Processes Induced by Electrical Breakdown Responsible for the Memory Effect in Low Pressure Noble Gases -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distribution of Electrical Breakdown Time Delay -- 3. Measurement of Gas-Filled Tubes Dynamic Voltage and Electrical Breakdown Time Delay -- 4. Earlier Memory Effect Investigations -- 5. New Analysis of Memory Curves -- 5.1. Memory Curves for Custom Made Gas-Filled Tubes -- 5.2. Memory Curves for Commercial Gas-Filled Tubes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Recent Advances in the Research of Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives as Bioactive Molecules: Anticancer and Sensing Agents -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioactive Molecules as Anticancer Agents -- 2.1. 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 2.2. 8-Substituted Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 2.3. Summary and Outlook -- 3. Fluorescent Molecules as Sensing Agents -- 3.1. 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 3.2. 8-Substituted Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 3.3. Summary and Outlook -- Conclusion -- References -- Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes-Catalyzed Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Sulfonyl Chlorides for Organic Synthesis -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Reactions of Fluoroalkyl Radicals of Fluoroalkylsulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Reactions of Sulfonyl Radicals of Sulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Reactions of Aryl Radicals of Arylsulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Miscellaneous Reactions -- Conclusion -- References -- Dynamics of the Hydrophilic to Hydrophobic Proteins and Enzymes Turnover in A. Bennun's Biochemical-Physics Neurotransmission Model for the Glycerol Assay of the Hydration Shell Dynamics on the Hydrophilic Structure of the Active Site of CF1-ATPase -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods Purification of CF1 -- Preparation of Heat-Activated ATPase -- Assay -- Results Hydration Shell Dynamics on the Active Center of ATPase -- The Effect of the Same Concentration of Glycerol at Different pH -- Glycerol Induced near Disappearance of the pH-Dependent Change -- Discussion -- Mechanisms for cAMP Unzipping of the DNA Structure and Drive Synthesis of Proteins to Integrate Plasticity -- The Transcription Mechanism -- Conclusions -- References -- Decarboxylative Protonation through Cooperative Palladocatalysis and Chiral Organocatalysis: Pathways to Enantioenriched Ketones -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tsuji-Trost Reaction-Initiated Domino Process -- 2.1. Allyl Enol Carbonates -- 2.2. Allyl -Ketoesters -- 3. Hydrogenolysis-Initiated Domino Process -- 3.1. Benzyl Enol Carbonates -- 3.2. Benzyl -Ketoesters -- 3.2.1. Leading to Cyclic Benzylic Ketones -- 3.2.2. Leading to Monocyclic Ketones -- 3.2.3. Leading to Linear Ketones -- 4. Key Intermediate -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Selected Aspects of the Analytical Chemistry of Amlodipine, a Widely Used Long Acting Calcium Antagonist -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis and Characterization. The Drug and Its Impurities -- Synthesis of Amlodipine -- Amlodipine and Its Salts -- Amlodipine in the Pharmacopeias. Official Status -- Chemical Sources of the Official Impurities of the EP7 -- Synthesis of Some Official Impurities of the EP7 -- Impurity Profiling of Amlodipine Besylate -- Mass Spectrometric Analyses: Impurities and Metabolites -- Genotoxic Impurities -- Stability of Amlodipine -- Thermal Stability -- Acid-Base Degradation -- Photostability -- Stability in Solid and Liquid Formulations -- Compatibility with Other Drugs and Excipients. Incompatibilities -- Stability Indicating Assays -- Amlodipine as a Chiral Drug. Preparation, Separation, Quantitation, Metabolism -- Phase Transformations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Numerical Simulations of the Effect of Flow Path Geometric Features on Chemical Reactions in Compressible Flow -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. Scope of the Work -- 2. Theory -- 2.1. Equation of State and Gas Properties -- 2.1.1. Pure Gas Species Properties -- 2.1.2. Gas Mixture Properties -- 2.1.3. Chemical Reactions -- 2.1.4. Governing Differential Equations -- 2.2. Computational Methods -- 2.3. Problem Statement -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Configuration A - Straight -- 3.2. Configuration B - Constrict -- 3.3. Configuration C - Straight-Rough -- 3.4. Configuration D - Straight-Bleed -- 3.5. Configuration E - Expansion -- 3.6. Configuration F - Expansion with Filter -- 3.7. Configuration G - Expansion with Baffles -- 3.8. Configuration H - Expansion with Roughness -- 3.9. Configuration I - Expansion with Obstruction -- 4. Discussion -- Conclusion -- Appendix. , References -- Chapter 3 -- Carbonylation Reactions: Impacts of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts and Carbon Monoxide Surrogates -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Homogeneous Carbonylation Reactions -- Carbonylation of Methanol to Produce Acetic Acid -- Industrial Processes -- The Cobalt-Based BASF Process -- The Rhodium-Based Monsanto Process -- The Iridium-Based Cativa Process of BP Chemicals -- Laboratory Processes -- Different Processes for Carbonylation of Methanol to Produce Acetic Acid -- Nickel-Complex Catalyst -- Ligand Based Metal-Complexes -- Phosphine-Based Ligands Promoters -- Rhodium-Nitrogen and Nitrogen-Oxygen Based Ligands Complexes as Promotors -- Iridium Carbonyl Complexes of Nitrogen and Nitrogen-Oxygen Donor Ligands as Promoters -- Heterogeneous Catalysts for Carbonylation of Methanol -- Other Carbonylation Reactions -- Carbonylation of Diazo Group -- Ortho-Acylation of Pyridine through Carbonylation -- Carbonylation of 2-Nitro-N-(Phenyhnethylene) Benzeneamine -- Carbonylation of Alkynes -- Pauson-Khand Reaction (PKR) -- Carbonylation of Epoxides -- CO Surrogates -- Mo(CO)6 Promoted Carbonylations -- Formic Acid (HCOOH) Promoted Carbonylations -- Formic Acid Esters (Formates) Promoted Carbonylations -- Formaldehyde (HCHO) as CO Surrogate -- Dimethylformamide(DMF) (CH3)2NC(O)H as the CO Source -- CO2 as CO Surrogate -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Ion-Association Complexes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Association Equilibrium and Association Equilibrium Constant -- Liquid-Liquid Extraction of IACs: Extraction Equilibria -- Ion-Association Reagents -- Organic Solvents in Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- Side Processes in Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Ion-Association Complexes -- Side Processes Involving the Central Atom. , Side Processes Involving the Ion-Association Reagent -- Other Side Processes -- Determination of the Composition of Ion-Association Complex -- Applicability in Stable/Unstable Bonds -- Applicability in Stepwise Complex Formation -- Applicability for Structural Units of the Type KmAn (m > -- 1, n > -- 1) -- Design of the Experiment -- Determination of Equilibrium Constants -- Likussar-Boltz Method -- Dilution Method -- Chemical Model -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 16 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 16 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- QUANTUM CHEMISTRY OF NITRIC ACID: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF ITS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of Known Isomers of HNO3 -- 1.2. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of New Isomers of HNO3 -- 2. THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF N2O5 IN THE GAS AND SOLID PHASES -- 3. THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE HIGH-ENERGY STATES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE NO2 -- 4.1. Photochemical Water Decomposition in the Presence of Nitrogen Dioxide in Troposphere -- 4.2. Hydrolysis of NO2* -- 5.1. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of an NO3 Molecule in Different Electronic States -- 5.2. The Reactivity of High-Energy Nitrogen Trioxide NO3 (2A1) in the Oxidation of N2 and N2O -- 6.1. The Molecular Structures of Dinitrogen Tetraoxide N2O4 Isomers and Quantum-Chemical Evidence for a New Isomer - Nitrosonium Nitrate NO+NO3- -- 6.2. The NO2 Dimerization, Isomerization and Hydrolysis of N2O4 in the Acid-Formation Process -- 7.1. Molecular Mechanism of the NO Oxidation by Oxygen in the Gas Phase -- 7.2. Experimental Data for the Trimolecular Reaction of O2 with Two NO Molecules -- 7.3. Quantum-Chemical Data for the Trimolecular Reaction of O2 with Two NO Molecules -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- FURAN RESINS: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FURAN DERIVATIVES AS SOLVENTS -- 2.1. Furfural -- 2.2. Furan -- 2.3. Furfuryl Alcohol -- 2.4. Hydroxymethyl Furfural -- 2.5. Dimethylfuran -- 3. FURAN DERIVATIVES AS INHIBITORS -- 3.1. Inhibition of Free Radical Polymerization -- 3.2. Corrosion Inhibitors -- 3.3. Biological Inhibition -- 4. DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS APPLIED TO FURAN DERIVATIVES -- 4.1. Conditions and Versatility. , 4.2. Furan Rings as Functional Group Modifiers: Synthetic Applications -- 4.2.1. Natural Products -- 4.2.2. Polymers -- 4.2.3. Strategies for Structure Modification -- 4.3. Exploitation of the Thermal Reversibility -- 4.3.1. Recyclable Materials -- 4.3.2. Self-Healing Materials -- 4.3.3. Biomedical Applications: Hydrogels and Drug Delivery -- 5. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL RESISTANT MATERIALS BASED ON FURAN DERIVATIVES -- 6. HIGH CARBON YIELDS: CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS -- 7. REPLACEMENT OF CLASSICAL MATERIALS -- 8. HIGHLY REGULAR STRUCTURES: GRAFTING AND POLYMER MODIFICATION -- 9. HIGHLY CONJUGATED STRUCTURES -- 10. NANOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF FURAN BASED STRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- A NEW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOND DISTANCES AND BOND STRETCHING WAVENUMBERS OF NO IN COMPLEXES, CLUSTERS, AND ADSORBED ON SINGLE CRYSTAL METAL SURFACES: A VIBRATIONAL SPECTRODIFFRACTOMETRIC ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- LIGAND ABBREVIATIONS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 2.1. The Data -- 2.2. Structure and Bonding -- 2.3. Is the Νno Vibration a Good Group-Frequency Mode? -- 3. THE BADGER'S PLOTS -- 4. SOME COMMENTS ON THE IJ AND CIJ* PARAMETER OF THE BADGER RULE -- 5. TWO EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MODIFIED BADGER'S EQUATIONS -- 5.1. The Case of [Fe (NO)(CN)5]2- Anion -- 5.2. The Case of NO/Ni (111) -- an Example of NO Adorbed on Single Cyrstal Metal Surfaces -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) IN METAL-MEDIATED CATALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. CROSS-COUPLING REACTION IN POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) -- 1.1. Suzuki Reaction -- 1.2. Heck Reaction -- 1.3. Sonogashira Reaction -- 2. POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) STABILIZED TRANSITION-METAL NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1. Palladium Nanoparticles -- 2.2. Platinum Nanoparticles -- 2.3. Silver Nanoparticles -- 2.4. Cobalt Nanoparticles. , 3. POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL)-BOUND LIGANDS IN CATALYTIC REACTION -- 3.1. Hydrogenation -- 3.2. Hydroformylation -- 3.3. Suzuki Reaction -- 3.4. Heck Reaction -- 3.5. Sonogashira Reaction -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- WATER CHEMISTRY, A MYSTERY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY AND WATER CONTAMINATION -- 3. GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY AND DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATIONS -- 4. STANDARDIZING THE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS -- 5. WATER, A NUTRIENT -- 6. WATER, A MEDICINE -- 7. MYTH OF MINERAL (BOTTLED) WATER -- 8. WATER FILTERS/ RO UNITS -- 9. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF DRINKING WATER -- 9. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF DRINKING WATER -- 11. SAFEGUARDING THE WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSION -- MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR COX PURIFICATION OF GASEOUS STREAMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PRODUCT GAS CLEANING -- 3. COX PURIFICATION VIA MR TECHNOLOGY -- 4. MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE REACTOR OUTLINES -- 5. INORGANIC MEMBRANE REACTORS -- 1) Carbon Membranes -- 2) Ceramic Membranes -- 3) Zeolite Membranes -- 6. POLYMERIC MEMBRANES FOR COX SEPARATION -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE TRENDS -- LIST OF SYMBOLS -- REFERENCES -- DOCKING OF ANTISCHISTOSOMAL NATURAL PRODUCTS WITH RELEVANT PROTEIN TARGETS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPUTATIONAL METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Molecular Docking -- Glutathione S-Transferase -- Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase -- Superoxide Dismutase -- Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase -- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E -- Cyclophilin A -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROPIONIC ACID BY ANAEROBIC PROCESSES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. FUNDAMENTALS -- 2. PROPIONIC ACID ANAEROBIC BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 3. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- ANALYSIS OF BAMBOO-CARBONIZED LIQUID AND DETERMINATION OF ITS CONSTITUENTS BY GC-MS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIAL AND METHODS. , Procedure for Carbonization of Bamboo and Collection of Bamboo Carbonized Liquid -- Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 24 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 24 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: DETERMINATION OF HYDRATE STABILITY ZONES OF SOUR GASES USING A TWO PARAMETER MODEL -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 3. MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: ON THE BIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREHALOSE AGAINST MAN-MADE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PREPARATION OF PROTEINS SAMPLES IN AQUEOUS AND TREHALOSE SOLUTIONS -- PROTECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREHALOSE IN PROTEINS SOLUTIONS AGAINST SMFS -- PROTECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREHALOSE IN PROTEINS SOLUTIONS AGAINST ELF-EMFS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: ACETONE TAUTOMERISM REEXAMINED -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: NANO-SIZED CARBON-COATED LI4TI5O12 PARTICLES WITH ENHANCED HIGH-RATE PERFORMANCE AS ANODE FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: EVALUATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR GAS SOLUBILITY IN LIQUID WATER IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH THE GAS HYDRATES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL DATABASE -- 3. THEORY -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Chapter 6: COMPUTATION OF THE SECOND VIRIAL COEFFICIENT OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS USING A CORRESPONDING STATES BASED METHOD -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DATABASE -- 3. DEVELOPING THE CORRESPONDING STATES BASED MODEL -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: COMPUTER AIDED MOLECULAR DESIGN USING PROPERTY CLUSTER AND MOLECULAR MATRIX -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION. , 2. RESEARCH BACK GROUND -- 3. PROPERTY CLUSTER -- 4. PREDICTION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN CAMD -- 5. PROPERTY INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK -- 6. MOLECULAR DESIGN ALGORITHM -- 7. COMPOUNDS PRODUCTION METHOD -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: MULTI RESIDUE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF 55 PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATE SAMPLES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED TO TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY USING QUECHERS EXTRACTION METHOD -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTALDETAILS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- FULL FORMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: METROLOGICAL KEY CONCEPTS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING LABORATORIES. PART 1: CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS (CRM) -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: METROLOGICAL KEY CONCEPTS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING LABORATORIES. PART 2: PROFICIENCY TESTING SCHEMES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11: METROLOGICAL KEY CONCEPTS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING LABORATORIES. PART 3: CHEMOMETRICS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12: METROLOGICAL KEY CONCEPTS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING LABORATORIES. PART 4: UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 10 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 10 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- MATERIALS THAT SHRINK ON HEATING: PRESSURE-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS IN NEGATIVE THERMAL EXPANSION MATERIALS, AND THEIR ENERGETICS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Thermal Expansion -- 1.2. Negative Thermal Expansion -- 1.3. The AM2O8 Family of NTE Materials -- 1.4. The A2M3O12 Family of NTE Materials -- 1.5. Mechanisms for NTE -- 1.6. Practical Aspects -- 1.7. High-Pressure Behavior of NTE Materials -- 1.8. Pressure-Induced Crystalline to Crystalline and Crystalline to Amorphous Phase Transitions in NTE Materials -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- Syntheses -- Diffraction Data Collection and Analysis -- X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Data Collection and Analysis -- High-Temperature and Low-Temperature Calorimetry -- Vibrational Studies: Raman Spectroscopy and Inelastic Neutron Scattering -- Physical Property Characterization on Sc0.67WO4 -- 3. IN SITU AND EX SITU HIGH-PRESSURE STUDIES OF THE PRESSURE-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION IN CUBIC ZRW2O8 -- 4. THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES OF THE PRESSURE-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION IN CUBIC ZRW2O8 -- 5. IN SITU HIGH-PRESSURE SYNCHROTRON XRD STUDY OF SC2W3O12, SC2MO3O12, AND AL2W3O12 -- 6. THERMOCHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS OF A2M3O12 MATERIALS -- 7. CRYSTAL AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF A NEW SCANDIUM TUNGSTATE, SC0.67WO4 -- SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHEMICAL, OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS HYDROGENATED CARBON (A:C-H) -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHEMICAL BONDING OF CARBON -- 2.1. Carbon as an Element -- 2.2. Structure of the Atom -- 2.3. Basic Quantum Mechanical Concept -- 2.4. Hybridization and the Bonding of Carbon Atom -- 3. DIAMOND LIKE AMORPHOUS CARBON AS A MATERIAL -- 3.1. The Various Forms of Amorphous Carbon. , 3.2. Structure of DLC and Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon (a:C-H) -- 3.3. Why Also There is Interest in DLC -- 3.4. Difficulties of Pure DLC Material and How to Over Come the Problems by Doping of Nonmetal and Metal -- 4. DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS METHODS OF DLC -- 5. PROPERTIES OF METAL AND NONMETAL DOPED DLC THIN FILMS -- 5.1. Synthesis and Chemical and Optical Properties of Doped DLC Thin Films -- 5.1.1. Synthesis of Nonmetal and Metal Doped DLC Thin Films -- 5.1.2. Chemical Characterization -- 5.1.3. Basic Theory of Optical Properties for Thin Film -- 5.1.4. Optical Properties of Doped DLC Thin Films -- 5.2. Electrical Properties -- 6. APPLICATION OF AMORPHOUS HYDROGENATED CARBON AND DLC -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BOND-STRETCH ISOMERISM AND AROMATICITY IN SOME SELECTED METAL CLUSTERS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. REACTIVITY DESCRIPTORS -- 2. 1. Conceptual DFT Based Global Reactivity Descriptors -- 2.2. Conceptual DFT Based Local Reactivity Descriptors -- 3. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE PRINCIPLES FOR STABILITY AND REACTIVITY -- Computational Details -- 4. BOND-STRETCH ISOMERISM: A CASE STUDY ON SOME UNIQUE AROMATIC/ANTIAROMATIC CLUSTER MOTIFS -- 4.1. Clusters - What Do They Mean? -- 4.2. All-Metal Aromaticity - A Unique Principle towards Rationalizing Cluster Stability -- 4.3. Bond-Stretch Isomerism -- Trigonal and Higher Order Clusters -- Poly-Metallic Clusters -- Frontier Molecular Orbital Analysis -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PROCESS ANALYSIS FOR GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEMS -- 3. EMERGING PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES (PAT) APPLICATIONS -- 3.1. Near Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.2. Particle Size and Imaging. , 3.2.1. Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM), Spatial Filtering Technique (SFT) and Particle Vision Microscope (PVM) -- 3.3. Acoustic PAT -- 4. RECENT INNOVATIONS IN FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSES -- 4.1. Pressure Swing Fluidized Bed -- 4.2. Vibro-Fluidization -- 4.3. Rotary Fluidized Bed -- SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHEMICAL BONDING IN HYDRIDES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CLASSIFICATION OF THE HYDRIDES -- 2.1. Ionic Hydrides -- 2.2. Covalent Hydrides -- 2.3. Metallic Hydrides -- 3. CHARACTERIZATION OF BONDING IN HYDRIDES EXPLORED BY THEORETICAL TOOLS -- 3.1. Charge Density -- 3.2. Charge Transfer -- 3.3. Electron Localization Function (ELF) -- 3.3.1. Prediction of Site Preference of Hydrogen in Metal Matrix by ELF -- 3.4. Density of States (DOS) -- 3.5. Crystal Orbital Hamiltonian Population (COHP) -- 4. QUANTIFICATION OF CHARGES -- 4.1. Mulliken Population and Bader Charge Analyzes -- 4.2. Born-Effective-Charge Analysis -- 5. CHARACTERIZING CHEMICAL BONDING IN MULTICOMPONENT HYDRIDES: A CHALLENGING TASK -- REFERENCES -- SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF DEUTERIUM-LABELED CONTROLLED-DRUGS AS INTERNAL STANDARDS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. OPIATES -- 2. TROPANE ALKALOIDS -- 3. PHENETHYLAMINE -- 4. OTHERS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE EFFECT OF DEUTERIUM ON PASSIVATED SILICON SURFACE AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS IN MICROTECHNOLOGY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS, STUDY AND RESULTS -- Samples Preparations -- First IR Analysis of Liquid Phase D2O Passivated Samples -- Study on Vapor Phase D2O Passivated Samples -- RTP Process Applied on Liquid and Vapor Phase Passivated Si Surfaces -- Computational Details -- Geometry Relaxation -- Phonon Modes -- Stretching Modes -- Bending Modes -- Bulk Modes -- Surface Voltage and Surface Photovoltage Measurements -- The Theoretical Background. , Measurements and Results -- CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- HIDDEN SIDE OF CHEMICAL BOND: THE BOSONIC CONDENSATE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE -- 2.1. N-Body Field Quantization -- 2.2. The Bosonic Order Parameter -- 2.3. The Pseudo-Potential Picture for the Imperfect Bosonic Gas -- 3. GROSS-PITAEVSKY EQUATION: THE WAVE-EQUATION FOR BOSONIC CONDENSATE -- 3.1. Landau Energy Functional Origin -- 3.2. Mean Field Picture of the Mixed Fermionic-Bosonic Condensate -- 3.3. First BEC Connections with Density Functional Theory -- 4. HOMOPOLAR CHEMICAL BONDING REVISITED -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SOME FEATURES OF ISOTOPIC CONTENT IN RAINFALL IN SUBTROPICAL ARGENTINA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY -- 2.1. Isotopes and Meteorological Data -- 2.2. Methodology -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1. Relation between Isotopes, Temperature and Rainfall -- 3.2. Relation Between Isotopic Content and Continentality -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- THE INFLUENCE OF THE VIBRATION DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER ON VIBROFLUIDIZATION -- NOMENCLATURE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FLUID DYNAMICS -- 2.1. Background -- 2.1.1. Vibrofluidized Bed -- 2.1.2. Energy of Vibration -- 2.1.3. Operating Modes -- 2.1.4. Fluid Dynamic Properties of Vibrofluidized Beds -- 2.2. Typical Laboratory Setup -- 2.3. Characteristic Curves ( P versus U) of Fluidized and Vibrofluidized Beds -- 2.4. Particle Size Distribution and Size Segregation -- 2.5. Fluid Dynamic Behavior during the Transient Period of Drying of Liquid Suspensions -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- COMPARISON BETWEEN ZIRCONIA AND ALUMINA SUPPORTS FOR NICKEL-BASED CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , RECOVERY OF NIOBIUM AS A BY-PRODUCT FROM EFFLUENT SOLUTIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Extraction of Niobium by Tri-N-Octyl Amine (TOA) from Fluoride Medium -- EXPERIMENTAL -- Niobium Recovery Experiments -- INSTRUMENTS -- Initial Experiments for Niobium Extraction -- Experiments of Niobium Recovery from Hydrofluoric Acid Medium by Tri-N-Octyl Amine -- Niobium Extraction Experiments -- Mod.": Modifier: 2-Ethyl -1-Hexanol Diluent: Kerosene O/A Ratio 1.0 -- Niobium Stripping Experiments -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Results of Initial Niobium Extraction from Different Acid Mediums Using Different Commercial Organic Solvents -- Niobium Extraction Efficiency from Hydrofluoric Acid Medium by Tri-N-Octyl Amine (TOA) -- Effect of the Added Concentration of Free Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) -- Effect of Contact Time -- Effect of Initial Niobium Concentration -- Effect of Solvent Concentration -- Effect of the Modifier Amount Addition -- Equilibrium Isotherm for Niobium Extraction from HF Aqueous Phase by TOA -- Saturation Capacity of Tri-N-Octyl Amine for Niobium Extraction from Fluoride Aqueous Phase -- Results of Niobium Stripping from the Loaded Tri-N-Octyl Amine (TOA) -- Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid Effect on Niobium Stripping Efficiency -- Contact Time Effect on Niobium Stripping Efficiency -- Equilibrium Isotherm for Niobium Stripping from the Loaded TOA Solvent -- Number of Contacts Effect on Niobium Stripping Efficiency -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Biological Systems of Interest -- 1.2. Phenomenology of Diffusion: Binary Systems, Pseudo-Binary and Ternary Systems -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- 2.1. Transport Properties -- 2.1.1. Diffusion: Conductimetric and Taylor Dispersion Techniques -- 2.1.2. Conductance Measurements. , 2.1.3. Density Measurements.