Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Long-Term Ecosystem Research Between Theory and Application 0 An Introduction -- References -- Part II The Significance of Ecological Long-Term Processes -- 2 Theoretical Demands for Long-Term Ecological Research and the Management of Long-Term Data Sets -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ecosystems Have Become Focal Units of Environmental Research -- 2.3 Ecosystem Comprehension Needs Long-Term Aspects -- 2.3.1 Understanding Large-Scale Temporal Variabilities of Ecological Variables -- 2.3.2 Understanding the Interactions of Short-Term Fluctuations Versus Long-Term Trends -- 2.3.3 Understanding Self-Organizing Ecological Mechanisms -- 2.3.4 Understanding Rare Events and Disturbances -- 2.3.5 Understanding Anthropogenic Land Use Impacts on Ecosystem Functions -- 2.3.6 Development and Evaluation of New Ecosystem Models for Resource Management -- 2.4 Data Management as a Pre-requisite of Long-Term Research -- 2.5 The Outcome: Theory, Ecosystem Modelling, and Ecosystem Management Need Information About Long-Term Ecological Processes -- References -- 3 Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics: Theoretical Concepts of Environmental Change -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Components of Ecological Succession -- 3.3 Ecosystem Growth and Development -- 3.4 Adaptive Cycle -- 3.5 Complex Adaptive System Orientors -- 3.6 Long-Term Dynamics of Socio-ecological Systems -- 3.7 Ecosystem Dynamics and Environmental Management -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- 4 The Scientific Potential of Environmental Monitoring -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Scientific Potentials of Monitoring Data in Ecosystem Research -- 4.3 Case Studies on Monitoring Activities in Two Environmental Protection Initiatives -- 4.3.1 Water Framework Directive. , 4.3.2 Long-Term Forest Monitoring -- Current Examples of the ICP Forests Level I and II Programs -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Exploring Long-Term Processes: International Experience -- 5 Twenty-Eight Years of the US-LTER Program: Experience, Results, and Research Questions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Description of the US-LTER Program -- 5.2.1 Ecological Correlates to the Spread of Hantavirus -- 5.2.2 The Importance of Landscape Position -- 5.2.3 Managing Water in Tropical Catchments -- 5.2.4 Network Level Studies -- 5.3 Origin and History of the US-LTER Program -- 5.4 Challenges for LTER Type Research -- 5.5 New Challenges for the US-LTER Program -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Introducing the Next Generation of Ecosystem Research in Europe: LTER-Europe0s Multi-Functional and Multi-Scale Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definition, Terminology and History of LTER -- 6.3 Multi-Functionality and Key Characteristics of LTER-Europe -- 6.4 The Integrated Network of LTER Sites and LTSER Platforms -- 6.4.1 Introducing the LTSER Component -- 6.4.2 The Design of LTSER Platforms -- 6.4.3 Representativeness and Coverage -- 6.4.4 Implementing LTSER Platforms -- 6.5 Network of National LTER Networks -- 6.6 Governance of LTER-Europe -- 6.7 Network of Scientists and Disciplines -- 6.8 A Network of Data and Metadata -- 6.9 Part of a Network of Networks -- 6.10 Key Potential and Strengths of LTER -- 6.11 Outlook -- References -- 7 The Role of Ecosystem Modelling for Long-Term Ecological Research -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ecosystems as Stochastic Transfer Systems -- 7.3 Approaches to Ecosystem Modelling -- 7.3.1 State Space Approach -- 7.3.2 Relational Ecology Approach -- 7.3.3 Network Approach -- 7.4 Ecosystem Models and Long-Term Research -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 The Role of Statistics for Long-Term Ecological Research. , 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Statistical Approaches for Analysing Ecological Data -- 8.2.1 Static Statistics -- 8.2.1.1 Descriptive Statistics -- 8.2.1.2 Regression and Correlation -- 8.2.1.3 Variance and Covariance Analyses -- 8.2.1.4 Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis -- 8.2.1.5 Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis -- 8.2.1.6 Estimation Techniques -- 8.2.2 Dynamic Statistics -- 8.2.2.1 Statistics of Time Domain -- 8.2.3 Statistics of Frequency Domain -- 8.2.3.1 Fourier Analysis -- 8.2.3.2 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation -- 8.2.3.3 Spectral Analysis -- 8.3 Wavelet Analysis -- 8.3.1 The Continuous Wavelet Transform -- 8.3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 8.4 Statistics and Long-Term Ecological Research -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Role of Remote Sensing in LTER Projects -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sensors, Resolution, Scale -- 9.3 Data Analysis Strategies for LTER -- 9.3.1 Maps from Classified Image Data -- 9.3.2 Analyzing Landscape Structure with Remote Sensing -- 9.3.3 Quantitative Parameters and Remote Sensing-Based Models -- 9.3.4 Remote Sensing and GIS Integration -- Knowledge-Based Image Analysis -- 9.3.5 Multitemporal Data Analysis -- 9.4 Examples from US-LTER Sites -- 9.4.1 Remote Sensing for the Andrews Forest LTER -- 9.4.2 Remote Sensing for the North Temperate Lakes LTER -- 9.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Part IV Concepts and Results: Presenting and Interpreting Long-Term Ecological Processes: AquaticEcosystem Research -- 10 Long-Term Ecological Change in the Northern Wadden Sea -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Area Description -- 10.3 Historical Changes Since the Mid-19th Century -- 10.4 Recent Changes -- 10.4.1 Temperature Changes -- 10.4.2 Salinity and Nutrients -- 10.4.3 Plankton -- 10.4.4 Benthos -- 10.5 Outlook -- References. , 11 Long-Term Model Simulation of Environmental Conditions to Identify Externally Forced Signals in Biological Time Series -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The coastDat Data Set -- 11.3 The Helgoland Roads Time Series -- 11.4 Methods -- 11.5 Results -- 11.6 Discussion -- References -- 12 Long-Term Investigations in Brackish Ecosystems -- 12.1 Characteristics of Brackish Environments -- 12.2 System Analysis Gradients -- 12.2.1 The Estuarine Gradient -- 12.2.2 The Marine Gradient -- 12.2.3 The Upwelling Gradient -- 12.3 System Analysis Long-Term Trends -- 12.3.1 Drowned River Valleys -- Cheapeake Bay -- 12.3.2 Large Brackish Systems -- Baltic Sea -- 12.3.3 Coastal Lagoons -- Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Long-Term Ecological Research in Freshwater Ecosystems -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Effects of Perturbations -- 13.3 Eutrophication -- 13.4 Acidification -- 13.5 Invasion by Non-native Species -- 13.6 Climate Change -- 13.7 Disadvantages and Limitations of Long-Term Investigations -- 13.8 Long-Term Investigations of German Lakes and Reservoirs -- 13.9 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Long-Term Monitoring in Rivers of South Germany Since the 1970s 0 Macrophytes as Indicators for the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Implications for the Conservation of Rivers -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Monitoring Scheme and Methods -- 14.4 Results -- 14.5 Discussion -- References -- Part V Concepts and Results:Presenting and Interpreting Long-TermEcological Processes:Terrestrial EcosystemResearch -- 15 Long-Term Observations of Soil Mesofauna -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methodological Approach -- 15.2.1 Basic Requirements -- 15.2.2 Site Selection and Arrangement of Sampling Plots -- 15.2.3 Sampling -- 15.2.4 Extracting Microarthropods from Soil Samples -- 15.2.5 Counting, Sorting, and Identification of Soil Animals. , 15.2.6 Data Processing -- 15.3 Case Studies -- 15.3.1 Community Succession of Predatory Gamasine Mites on a Ruderal Site (Siedenburg, Germany) -- 15.3.1.1 Experimental Design and Sampling -- 15.3.1.2 Results -- 15.3.2 Long-Term Effects of Global Warming on Soil Collembola (Mazsalaca, Latvia) -- 15.3.2.1 Experimental Design and Sampling -- 15.3.2.2 Results -- 15.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 16 Tracing Biogeochemical Processes in Small Catchments Using Non-linear Methods -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Data -- 16.3 Methods -- 16.3.1 Principal Component Analysis -- 16.3.1.1 Linear Principal Component Analysis -- 16.3.1.2 Isometric Feature Mapping (Isomap) -- 16.3.1.3 Measure of Performance -- 16.3.2 Low-Pass Filtering of Time Series -- 16.4 Results -- 16.4.1 Explained Variance -- 16.4.2 Identification of Processes -- 16.4.2.1 Component: Redox Status -- 16.4.2.2 Component: Topsoil -- 16.4.2.3 Component: Road Salt -- 16.4.2.4 Component: Sulfate Contamination -- 16.4.3 Time Series -- 16.4.3.1 Meteorological Data -- 16.4.3.2 Redox Component -- 16.4.3.3 Topsoil Component -- 16.4.3.4 Sulfate Contamination Component -- 16.4.4 Interplay of Different Processes -- 16.4.4.1 Lysina Upslope Spring Lenka -- 16.4.4.2 Lehstenbach Groundwater Well GW01 -- 16.4.4.3 Antagonism Between NO 3- and SO 4 2- -- 16.5 Discussion -- 16.5.1 Ad Methods -- 16.5.2 Ad Results -- 16.5.2.1 Redox and Sulfate Contamination Components -- 16.5.2.2 Topsoil Component -- 16.5.2.3 Long-Term Patterns -- 16.5.2.4 Solute Concentration Versus Component Scores at the Lenka Site -- 16.6 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Long-Term Measurements to Quantify the Impact of Arable Management Practices on Deep Seepage and Nitrate Leaching -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Site and Soil Characteristics -- 17.2.2 Arable Management Systems. , 17.2.3 Soil Hydrological Measurements.

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