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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: ATP-citrate lyase ; Citric acid cycle ; Acetate oxidation ; ATP synthesis via substrate level phosphorylation ; Sulfate-reducing bacteria ; Desulfobacter postgatei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Desulfobacter postgatei is an acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium that metabolizes acetate via the citric acid cycle. The organism has been reported to contain a si-citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) which is activated by AMP and inorganic phosphate. It is show now, that the enzyme mediating citrate formation is an ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) rather than a citrate synthase. Cell extracts (160,000xg supernatant) catalyzed the conversion of oxaloacetate (apparent K m=0.2 mM), acetyl-CoA (app. K m=0.1 mM), ADP (app. K m=0.06 mM) and phosphate (app. K m=0.7 mM) to citrate, CoA and ATP with a specific activity of 0.3 μmol·min-1·mg-1 protein. Per mol citrate formed 1 mol of ATP was generated. Cleavage of citrate (app. K m=0.05 mM; V max=1.2 μmol · min-1 · mg-1 protein) was dependent on ATP (app. K m=0.4 mM) and CoA (app. K m=0.05 mM) and yielded oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA, ADP, and phosphate as products in a stoichiometry of citrate:CoA:oxaloacetate:ADP=1:1:1:1. The use of an ATP-citrate lyase in the citric acid cycle enables D. postgatei to couple the oxidation of acetate to 2 CO2 with the net synthesis of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 28 (1989), S. 65-86 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: High-pressure capillaryviscometer ; flow visualization ; shear thickening ; polymer solution ; polyisobutene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A new design high-pressure capillary-viscometer is used to study the shear behavior of high-molecular polyisobutene solutions up to very high shear rates. The entry pressure loss from the Bagley-plot is estimated by the measurement in capillaries of different length-to-radius (L/R) ratios. Simultaneously, flow visualization of the entry flow is carried out. At low shear rates the flow behavior of the solutions is characterized by different rotational viscometers. The obtained flow curves for the solutions with polymer concentrations being above 0.5% PIB-B200 can be divided into three regions which can be related to different flow phenomena by means of flow visualization. A sudden increase in pressure loss can be related to a shear thickening behavior. Measurements in capillaries with a conical entry show that this thickening behavior is not only due to secondary flows in the entry region of the capillary, but also due to other effects like the association of macromolecules. The assumption of the formation of molecular associates is also supported by the large increase in the viscosity of the solutions in the thickening region and the observed formation of luminous scattered light areas. Furthermore, the investigations on the Bagley-correction show that for higher concentrated polyisobutene solutions capillaries withL/R ratios of at least 1 000 have to be used for a correct determination of the entry pressure loss. The Bagley-plots of these solutions show that lines of constant shear rate are remarkably curved at lowerL/R ratios. The gradient of the pressure loss decreases with increasingL/R ratio and approaches a constant value at a certainL/R ratio.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Schubspannungs- und Verfestigungsverhalten verschieden konzentrierter hochmolekularer Polyisobutenlösungen wird mit Hilfe eines neu konstruierten Hochdruckkapillarviskosimeters bis zu sehr hohen Schergeschwindigkeiten untersucht. Hierbei wird gleichzeitig der Einlaufdruckverlust nach Bagley durch Messungen an Kapillaren mit unterschiedlichenL/R-Verhältnissen ermittelt und, um Informationen über das Einströmverhalten der Lösungen zu erhalten, die Einlaufströmung in die Kapillare sichtbar gemacht. Im Bereich niedriger Schergeschwindigkeiten werden die Lösungen zusätzlich mit verschiedenen Rotationsviskosimetern charakterisiert. Die anhand der durchgeführten Untersuchungen erhaltenen Fließkurven lassen sich für Lösungen mit einem Polymergehalt ab 0,5% PIB-B200 in drei Bereiche einteilen, die mit Hilfe von Strömungssichtbarmachungsuntersuchungen verschiedenen Strömungsphänomenen zugeordnet werden können. Dabei kommt es u. a. zu Verfestigungserscheinungen, die sich in einem sprunghaften Ansteigen des Druckverlustes bemerkbar machen. Durch Messungen an Kapillaren mit einem kegelförmigen Einlauf kann gezeigt werden, daß diese Verfestigungserscheinungen und der damit verbundene Druckanstieg nicht nur auf das Auftreten von Sekundärströmungen im Einlaufbereich der Kapillaren zurückgeführt werden kann, sondern daß hierfür andere Effekte wie etwa die Bildung von Assoziaten aus Makromolekülen verantwortlich gemacht werden können. Auch die starke Viskositätszunahme der Lösungen im Verfestigungsbereich und die Beobachtung der Ausbildung heller Streulichtfelder sprechen für eine Bildung von Polymerassoziaten vor der Kapillare. Des weiteren wird bei den Untersuchungen zur Bagley-Korrektur festgestellt, daß zur korrekten Ermittlung des Einlaufdruckverlustes bei höher konzentrierten Polyisobutenlösungen Kapillaren mit einemL/R-Verhältnis von mindestens 1000 verwendet werden müssen. Es zeigt sich nämlich im Bagley-plot dieser Lösungen, daß die Linien konstanter Schergeschwindigkeit bei kleinerenL/R-Verhältnissen eine auffallende Krümmung im Sinne eines mit zunehmendemL/R-Verhältnis abnehmenden Druckgradienten besitzen, der erst oberhalb eines bestimmtenL/R-Verhältnisses konstant wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 20 (1982), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Automatic zero balance ; Isotonic and isometric bender bar ; Polarity-programmable peak detector ; Strain-gauge d.c. amplifier ; Strain-gauge half bridge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Biomechanical measurements of muscles and organs require appropriate measuring equipment. As far as the static properties are concerned, the excursion of the bender bar of stress should be without force. The bender bar of force, however, ideally should not elongate under load. Because natural frequency is the most important boundary condition, the bender bar should be developed with this in mind. The developed bars imposed an insignificant preload to the muscle or to the organ. The small changes in resistance occurring in the resistance strain gauges affixed to the bars require the use of a highly stable amplifier. A new amplifier was accordingly developed based on the principle of an instrumentation amplifier with an integrated bridge supply and an automatic zerobalancing facility. The measured input voltage drift of the whole amplifier is less than 5nV. The maximum muscle contraction, for instance under chemical or electrical stimulation, is an important physiological quantity. Therefore, a polarity-programmable peak detector was also implemented into the equipment. The developed test set is suitable for measuring the lengths or force effects by chemical or electrical stimulation of muscles or organs. With a special bar, it is also possible to measure the degree of Parkinson tremor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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