Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Comprehensive Array of Ample Analytical Strategies for Characterization of Nanomaterials -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Overview of Physiochemical Characteristics of Nanomaterials -- 1.3 Size -- 1.3.1 Morphology -- 1.3.2 Surface Properties -- 1.3.3 Composition and Purity -- 1.3.4 Stability -- 1.4 Techniques for Physicochemical Characterization of NPs -- 1.4.1 Microscopic Techniques -- 1.4.1.1 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) -- 1.4.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 1.4.1.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 1.4.1.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) -- 1.4.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 1.4.2 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 1.4.2.1 Optical Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.2 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.4 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) -- 1.4.2.5 Confocal Correlation Spectroscopy (CCS) -- 1.4.2.6 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.7 Raman Scattering (RS) -- 1.4.2.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) -- 1.4.2.9 Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 1.4.2.10 Circular Dichroism (CD) -- 1.4.3 Miscellaneous Techniques -- 1.4.3.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) -- 1.4.3.2 Zeta Potential -- 1.4.3.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 1.4.3.4 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 1.4.3.5 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) -- 1.4.3.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 1.4.3.7 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) -- 1.4.3.8 Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUG) -- 1.4.3.9 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Facile Chemical Fabrication of Designer Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 2.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization -- 2.4 Coupling Strategies -- 2.4.1 Covalent Coupling. , 2.4.1.1 Click-Chemistry Approach -- 2.4.2 Noncovalent Coupling -- 2.5 Affinity Interactions -- 2.5.1 Poly(ethylene glycol) -- 2.5.2 Bioconjugation Using Biomolecules -- 2.5.3 Biotin-Avidin -- 2.5.4 DNA/Nucleic Acids -- 2.5.5 Proteins and Peptides -- 2.5.6 Carbohydrates -- 2.5.7 Phospholipids -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Functionalized Nanogold: Its Fabrication and Needs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fabrication of Functionalized Gold Nanostructures -- 3.2.1 Physical Techniques of Fabrication -- 3.2.2 Chemical Synthesis Methods for Functionalized Gold -- 3.2.2.1 Citrate Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2.2.2 Thiol-Protected Gold Nanostructures -- 3.2.2.3 Polymer-Stabilized Gold Nanostructures -- 3.2.2.4 Anisotropic Gold Nanostructures -- 3.2.3 Electrochemical and Photochemical Synthesis -- 3.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance Properties of Gold Nanostructures -- 3.4 Application of Gold Nanostructures -- 3.4.1 Chemical Sensing -- 3.4.2 Biosensing -- 3.4.3 Catalysis -- 3.4.3.1 Plasmonic Photocatalysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications -- 4.1 Nanotechnology -- 4.2 Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.4 Publication Scenario on Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis -- 4.4.1 Physical Approaches -- 4.4.2 Chemical Approaches -- 4.4.3 Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.5 Microbe-Assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.6 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.7 Fungal-Derived Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.8 Superiority of Biological Methods -- 4.9 Silver Nanoparticles from White-Rot Fungi -- 4.10 Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis -- 4.11 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi -- 4.12 Intracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi -- 4.13 Extracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi. , 4.14 Silver Nanoparticles from White-Rot Fungi -- 4.15 Applications of Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.16 Antimicrobial Activity -- 4.17 Anticandidal Activity -- 4.18 Application of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in Fabrics -- 4.19 Anticancer Activity -- 4.20 Nanotechnology in Wood Protection -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Nanostructure Thin Films: Synthesis and Different Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Atomic Layer Deposition of Thin Film -- 5.3 Chemical Bath Deposition of Thin Film -- 5.4 Electrodeposition of Thin Films -- 5.5 Spray Pyrolysis Deposition of Thin Film -- 5.6 Successive Ionic Layer Absorption and Reaction Deposition of Thin Film -- 5.7 RF Sputtering Deposition of Thin Films -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Carbon Nanotubes: Preparation and Surface Modification for Multifunctional Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes -- 6.2.1 Arc Discharge -- 6.2.2 Laser Ablation (Also Called Laser Vaporization) -- 6.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition -- 6.3 Carbon Nanotube Modification -- 6.3.1 Covalent Modification -- 6.3.1.1 Sidewall and End-T Modification -- 6.3.1.2 Defect Modification -- 6.3.2 Non-Covalent Modification -- 6.3.2.1 Exohedral Modification -- 6.3.2.2 Endohedral Filling Modification -- 6.4 Application -- 6.4.1 Functional Nanocomposite Materials -- 6.4.2 Electronics -- 6.4.3 Biotechnological Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Carbon Dots: Scalable Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Biomedical Application -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Characteristic Properties of Carbon Dots -- 7.3 Synthesis and Application of Carbon Dots -- 7.4 Future Prospects of Carbon Dots -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Investigations on Exotic Forms of Carbon: Nanotubes, Graphene, Fullerene, and Quantum Dots -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.2 Synthesis Methods of Different Carbon Nanomaterials -- 8.2.1 Fullerene -- 8.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 8.2.2.1 Arc Discharge -- 8.2.2.2 Laser Ablation -- 8.2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition -- 8.2.3 Preparation of Graphene -- 8.2.4 Synthesis of CQDs -- 8.3 Our Group's R and D Efforts towards Synthesis and Characterization of CNTs, Graphene, Fullerene, and Quantum Dots -- 8.3.1 Synthesis of CNTs and Fullerene -- 8.3.2 Synthesis of Graphene -- 8.3.3 Synthesis of CQDs -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Nanodiamonds and Other Organic Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Surface Modifications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.1 Structure of Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.2 Significant Properties of Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.2.1 Physical Properties -- 9.2.2.2 Chemical Properties -- 9.2.2.3 Biological Properties -- 9.2.3 Synthesis of Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.3.1 Detonation Synthesis -- 9.2.3.2 Laser-Based Synthesis -- 9.2.3.3 High-Pressure High-Temperature Synthesis -- 9.2.3.4 Ultrasonic Cavitation -- 9.2.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition -- 9.2.4 Purification of Nanodiamonds -- 9.2.5 Functionalized Nanodiamonds -- 9.3 Organic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.1 General Synthetic Approaches for the Fabrication of Organic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.1.1 Top-Down Approaches -- 9.3.1.2 Bottom-Up Approaches -- 9.3.2 Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles -- 9.3.2.1 Micelles -- 9.3.2.2 Vesicles and Liposomes -- 9.3.2.3 Dendrimers -- 9.3.2.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 9.3.2.5 Polymer-Based Nanostructures -- 9.3.2.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Polymeric Nanoparticles: Preparation and Surface Modification -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Polymers -- 10.3 Polymer Properties -- 10.4 Nanoparticles -- 10.5 Strategies to Functionalize Nanoparticles -- 10.6 Characterizations of Polymeric Nanoparticles -- References. , Chapter 11 Cellulose Fibers and Nanocrystals: Preparation, Characterization, and Surface Modification -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Cellulose Fibers: Structure and Chemistry -- 11.3 Cellulose Sources -- 11.4 Cellulose Isolation Methods -- 11.4.1 Cellulose from Lignocellulosic Materials -- 11.4.2 Cellulose from Animals, Algae, and Bacteria -- 11.5 Overview of Cellulose Nanofibers -- 11.6 Cellulose Nanocrystals: Preparation Methods -- 11.7 Characterization and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 11.7.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 11.7.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis -- 11.7.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 11.7.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 11.7.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 11.7.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 11.8 Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 11.8.1 Covalent Modification -- 11.8.1.1 Esterification -- 11.8.1.2 Silylation -- 11.8.1.3 Etherification -- 11.8.2 Non-Covalent Modification -- 11.8.3 Mercerization -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Protein and Peptide Nanoparticles: Preparation and Surface Modification -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Parameters for the Preparation of Protein Nanoparticles -- 12.2.1 Protein Composition -- 12.2.2 Protein Solubility -- 12.2.3 Surface Properties -- 12.2.4 Properties of Drugs -- 12.3 Methods of Preparation -- 12.3.1 Desolvation -- 12.3.2 Crosslinking -- 12.3.3 Coacervation -- 12.3.4 Emulsification -- 12.3.5 Nanoprecipitation -- 12.3.6 Nanoparticles Auto Assembly -- 12.3.7 Coating Layer by Layer -- 12.3.8 Spray Drying -- 12.3.9 Electrospray -- 12.3.10 Salting Out -- 12.3.11 Albumin-Bound Nanoparticle Preparation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Recent Advances in Glycolipid Biosurfactants at a Glance: Biosynthesis, Fractionation, Purification, and Distinctive Applications -- 13.1 Introduction. , 13.2 Biosynthesis and Physiochemical Aspects of Glycolipid BS.