Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Climate Change, and Water and Food Security: Policies Within Water-Food-Energy Nexus -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 US Midwest Case Studies on Climate Change Effects on Water and Food Security -- 1.3 India Case Study on Climate Change Effects on Food and Water Security in South Asia -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Climate Change Risks to Water Security in Canada's Western Interior -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Natural Variability of the Regional Hydroclimatic -- 2.2 Climate and Hydrology of the Upper North Saskatchewan River Basin -- 2.2.1 Climate -- 2.2.2 Hydrology -- 2.2.3 The Paleohydrology of the NSRB -- 2.3 Water Use and Demand -- 2.3.1 Historical Water Use -- 2.3.2 Projected Water Demand -- 2.4 The Future Climate of the NSRB -- 2.5 Hydrological Response to Projected Climate Changes -- 2.5.1 Hydrological Modelling of the NSRB Above Edmonton -- 2.5.2 Calibration and Validation of the MESH Model -- 2.5.3 Streamflow Projections -- 2.6 Discussion -- References -- 3 Forcing of Global Hydrological Changes in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Aerosol Radiative Forcing -- 3.3 Twentieth Century Climate Response to Forcings -- 3.4 Twenty-First Century Climate Response to Forcings -- 3.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 4 Indian Summer Monsoon System: A Holistic Approach for Advancing Monsoon Understanding in a Warming World -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 ISMS Components and Global Warming: Gaps in Knowledge -- 4.2 Summary -- References -- 5 Observed Climate Change Over India and Its Impact on Hydrological Sectors -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Data and Methodology -- 5.3 Results and Discussions -- 5.3.1 All India Mean Temperature Trend -- 5.3.2 All India Maximum Temperature Trend -- 5.3.3 All India Minimum Temperature Trend. , 5.3.4 Spatial Pattern of Temperature Trend -- 5.3.5 Rainfall Patterns Over Major River Basins -- 5.3.6 Rainfall Variability Over Major River Basins -- 5.3.7 Rainfall Trends Over Major River Basins -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Importance of Data in Mitigating Climate Change -- 6.1 Introduction: Climate Change and Water Security -- 6.2 Water Resources in India -- 6.3 Usage of Data-Based Tools for Assessment of Climate Impacts on Water Security -- 6.3.1 Role of Data in Water Development, Management and Ensuring Security -- 6.3.2 Data for Water Diplomacy -- 6.3.3 Reasonability of Demand and Dynamic Water Availability -- 6.3.4 Ensuring Water Security Through Budgeting and Accounting -- 6.4 Data Collection -- 6.5 Role of Data in Project Planning and Management to Make Them Resilient to Increasing Variability of Climate -- 6.6 Current Challenges and Data Requirement to Address the Challenges for Water Sector -- 6.6.1 Current and Future Scenario of Water Availability and Demand -- 6.7 Limitations and Resolutions for Data Collection and Processing -- 6.8 Data-Based Governance -- 6.9 Conclusions and Way Forward -- 6.9.1 Conclusions -- 6.9.2 Way Forward -- References -- 7 Real-Time Monitoring of Small Reservoir Hydrology Using ICT and Application of Deep Learning for Prediction of Water Level -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Material and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Site -- 7.2.2 Water Level and Weather Data Monitoring -- 7.2.3 Water Level Prediction Model Using LSTM -- 7.2.4 Layer Setting for LSTM Model Development -- 7.2.5 LSTM Model Evaluation -- 7.2.6 Reservoir Monitoring System and Water Level Prediction Model -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Collection and Display of Water Level and Weather Data -- 7.3.2 Reservoir Monitoring by Web Camera -- 7.3.3 Water Level Prediction Component of the System. , 7.3.4 Visualization of Past, Present, and Future Water Level and Rainfall -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Hydrology: Problems, Challenges and Opportunities -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Anatomy of Hydrology -- 8.3 Grand Challenges -- 8.4 A Glimpse of History of Hydrology -- 8.5 Evolution of Hydrologic Models -- 8.6 Recent Advances -- 8.6.1 Data Collection and Processing Technology -- 8.6.2 Spatial Hydrologic Variability -- 8.6.3 Scaling and Variability -- 8.6.4 Model Calibration -- 8.6.5 Emerging Tools -- 8.7 Hydrologic Modelling Challenges -- 8.7.1 Environmental Sustainability -- 8.7.2 Modelling Challenges -- 8.8 Future Outlook -- 8.9 Reexamination and Reflection -- 8.10 Summation -- References -- 9 Flood Modelling, Mapping and Monitoring of Sparsely Gauged Catchments Using Remote Sensing Products -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Case Study -- 9.3 Global Datasets -- 9.3.1 Digital Elevation Data -- 9.3.2 Rainfall Data -- 9.3.3 Other Data -- 9.4 Methodology -- 9.4.1 Bias Correction -- 9.4.2 Hydrological Modelling -- 9.4.3 Hydraulic Modelling -- 9.4.4 Uncertainty Assessment -- 9.5 Results and Discussion -- 9.5.1 Bias Correction -- 9.5.2 Hydrological Modelling -- 9.5.3 Hydraulic Modelling -- 9.5.4 Uncertainty Assessment -- 9.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 10 Ground and Satellite Observations to Predict Flooding Phenomena -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Soil Moisture Monitoring and Antecedent Wetness Conditions -- 10.3 Discharge Monitoring and Advanced Technology for Flood Prediction -- 10.3.1 Evaluating the Potential for Measuring River Discharge from Space -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Indices for Meteorological and Hydrological Drought -- 11.1 Overview -- 11.1.1 Drought Forms -- 11.1.2 The Metric for Deficiency -- 11.1.3 Timescale Considerations -- 11.1.4 The Drought Index Approach -- 11.2 Meteorological Drought Indices. , 11.2.1 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) -- 11.2.2 Rainfall Deciles -- 11.2.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 11.2.4 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 11.3 Hydrological Drought Indices -- 11.3.1 Total Water Deficit -- 11.3.2 Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI) -- 11.4 Composite Drought Indices -- 11.4.1 U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) -- 11.4.2 Aggregate Drought Index (ADI) -- References -- 12 Water Resources Management-An Indian Perspective -- 12.1 Background -- 12.1.1 Water Availability -- 12.1.2 Water Demand -- 12.1.3 Use of Water for Irrigation -- 12.1.4 Irrigation Potential Created (IPC) and Irrigation Potential Utilized (IPU) -- 12.1.5 Water Use Efficiency -- 12.1.6 Participatory Irrigation Management -- 12.1.7 Traditional Water Harvesting Systems -- 12.2 Traditional Irrigation Systems -- 12.3 Green Revolution in India -- 12.3.1 Water Scenario Post the Green Revolution -- 12.4 Present-Day Relevance of Traditional Water Conservation Practices -- 12.4.1 Jal Mandir (Gujarat) -- 12.4.2 Khatri, Kuhl (H.P., J& -- K) -- 12.4.3 Zabo (Nagaland) -- 12.4.4 Eri, Ooranis (T.N.) -- 12.4.5 Dongs (Assam) -- 12.4.6 Katas, Mundas and Bandhas (Odisha and M.P.) -- 12.4.7 Surangam (Kerala) -- 12.4.8 Bawdi /Jhalara (Gujarat /Rajasthan /Karnataka) -- 12.5 Water Management Initiatives in Recent Times -- 12.6 Initiatives by Various States -- 12.6.1 Sujalam Sufalam Jal Abhiyan (SSJA) in Gujarat -- 12.6.2 Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan of Rajasthan State -- 12.6.3 Pani Bachao, Paise Kamao in Punjab -- 12.6.4 Mera Pani Meri Virasat in Haryana -- 12.7 Participatory Irrigation Management (Pim) and Initiatives by Communities and Individuals -- 12.7.1 Ralegan Siddhi -- 12.7.2 Hiware Bazar -- 12.8 Efforts Towards Water Conservation-Initiatives by Central Government -- 12.8.1 Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana (PMKSY). , 12.8.2 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005 -- 12.8.3 Jal Shakti Abhiyan -- 12.8.4 Catch the Rain -- 12.9 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Overview of Water Resources Management in India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Challenges in Water Management -- 13.3 Water Sector Governance in India -- 13.4 Inter-state and Other Conflicts in Water Sector -- 13.5 Financial sustainability of Water Resources Development -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture: An Exploration of Technology and Policy Options in India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Climate Change Impact on Agriculture -- 14.2 Understanding the Adaptation -- 14.2.1 Classification of Adaptations -- 14.2.2 Strategies for Adaptation Planning -- 14.2.3 Adaptations in Agriculture Are Water-Centric -- 14.3 Vulnerability Mapping of Indian Agriculture -- 14.3.1 Quantitative Estimation of Vulnerability -- 14.4 Adaptation Actions in India -- 14.4.1 Case-I: Adaptation and Adaptation-Led Mitigation with Green Revolution Technologies -- 14.4.2 Case-II: Adaptation Through Diversification and Climate-Smart Technologies -- 14.4.3 Risk Transfer as Mechanism for Promoting Adaptation -- 14.5 Policies and Institutions -- 14.5.1 Green Revolution Period Policies -- 14.5.2 Post-Green Revolution Policies -- 14.6 Concluding Remarks and Way Forward -- References -- 15 Adapting Improved Agricultural Water Management and Protected Cultivation Technologies-Strategic Dealing with Climate Change Challenge -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 The Essence of Food Production -- 15.1.2 Climate Change and Agriculture -- 15.2 Climate Change Effects on Cultivation Practices -- 15.3 Crop Variety and Sowing Time -- 15.3.1 Crop Disease and Pests Management -- 15.4 Agricultural Water Management and Climate Change -- 15.4.1 Improved Irrigation Techniques. , 15.5 Protected Cultivation Technologies.