Note: Intro -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: Permanent Versus Temporary Threshold Shifts and the Effects of Hair Cell Versus Neuronal Degeneration -- 1 Measuring Noise-Induced Hearing Loss -- 2 Permanent Hair Cell Damage and Noise-Induced Threshold Elevation -- 3 Permanent Neural Damage after Temporary Threshold Shift -- 4 Noise-Induced Neuropathy and Hidden Hearing Loss -- References -- Chapter 2: Modeled and Measured Underwater Sound Isopleths and Implications for Marine Mammal Mitigation in Alaska -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Compilation of Modeled and Measured Sound Isopleths -- 3 Results of Sound Isopleth Comparisons -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 3: Peer-Reviewed Studies on the Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Marine Invertebrates: From Scallop Larvae to Giant Squid -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Summary of Peer-Reviewed Papers on the Effects of Noise on Invertebrates -- 2.1 Aguilar de Soto et al. (2014) Scientific Reports -- 2.2 André et al. (2011) Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment and Solé et al. (2012) Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography -- 2.3 Andriguetto-Filho et al. (2005) Continental Shelf Research -- 2.4 Branscomb and Rittschof (1984) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology -- 2.5 Fewtrell and McCauley (2012) Marine Pollution Bulletin -- 2.6 Guerra et al. (2011) Biological Conservation -- 2.7 Lagardère (1982) Marine Biology and Regnault and Lagardère (1983) Marine Ecology Progress Series -- 2.8 Parry and Gason (2006) Fisheries Research -- 2.9 Pearson et al. (1994) Marine Environmental Research -- 2.10 Wale et al. (2013a) Biology Letters and Wale et al. (2013b) Animal Behaviour -- References -- Chapter 4: Sources of Underwater Sound and Their Characterization -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Traditional Characterization of Underwater Sound Sources -- 2.1 Sonar -- 2.2 Ships -- 2.3 Air Guns -- 2.4 Explosives -- 2.5 Pile Drivers -- 3 Alternative Characterizations -- 4 Toward Standardization -- 4.1 Standardization of Terminology -- 4.2 Standardization of Measurement Procedures -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Assessment of Marine Mammal Impact Zones for Use of Military Sonar in the Baltic Sea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Sound Propagation Modeling and Sound Source -- 2.2 Marine Mammals and Hearing -- 2.3 Thresholds for Reaction and Injury -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Impact Zone for Behavioral Reactions -- 4.2 Impact Zone for Hearing Damage -- References -- Chapter 6: Contribution to the Understanding of Particle Motion Perception in Marine Invertebrates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Controlled Exposure Experiment Conditions -- 2.2 Targets -- 2.3 Choice of Frequencies -- 2.4 Cuttlefish Body Response -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Frequency Response -- 3.2 Effect of Position on Measurements -- 3.3 Comparison of Dead to Alive Animals -- 3.4 Body Vibration -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Functional Morphology and Symmetry in the Odontocete Ear Complex -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: A Low-Cost Open-Source Acoustic Recorder for Bioacoustics Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Design of Underwater Sound Recorders -- 2.1 Self-Noise -- 2.2 Calibration and Characterization -- 2.3 Metadata -- 2.4 Packaging -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Assessment of Impulsive and Continuous Low-­Frequency Noise in Irish Waters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Analysis of Seismic Surveys -- 2.2 Vessel Density -- 2.3 Cetacean Distribution -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Analysis of Seismic Surveys -- 3.2 Vessel Density. , 3.3 Cetacean Distribution -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 10: Is the Venice Lagoon Noisy? First Passive Listening Monitoring of the Venice Lagoon: Possible Effects on the Typical Fish Community -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 11: Effect of Pile-Driving Sounds on the Survival of Larval Fish -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Larvaebrator -- 2.2 Pile-Driving Sounds -- 2.3 Fish Larvae -- 2.4 Experimental Design -- 2.5 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 12: Challenge of Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring in High-Energy Environments: UK Tidal Environments and Other Case Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Effect of Noisy Environments -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 13: Hearing Mechanisms and Noise Metrics Related to Auditory Masking in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Critical Ratios and Critical Bands -- 1.2 Comodulation Masking Release -- 1.3 Study Goals -- 2 Participants -- 2.1 Behavioral Hearing Tests -- 2.2 Noise Metrics -- 2.3 Statistical Models -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 14: Effects of Hatchery Rearing on the Structure and Function of Salmonid Mechanosensory Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Effects of Hatchery Rearing on the Lateral Line -- 3 Effects of Noise Exposure in the Hatchery -- 3.1 Effects on Hearing -- 3.2 Hatchery Noise and Stress -- 4 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 15: Effects of Impulsive Pile-Driving Exposure on Fishes -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Regulatory Issue -- 2 Experimental Approach -- 3 Overview of Results -- 3.1 Effects on Juvenile Chinook Salmon -- 3.2 Recovery in Juvenile Chinook Salmon -- 3.3 Effects on Other Species -- 3.4 Effects on Fishes of Different Sizes. , 3.5 Effects on Inner Ear Tissues -- 4 Conclusions on the Effects of Pile-Driving Exposure on Fishes -- References -- Chapter 16: Review of the Effects of Offshore Seismic Surveys in Cetaceans: Are Mass Strandings a Possibility? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Behavioral Effects -- 2.2 Mass Strandings -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Behavioral Effects -- 3.2 Mass Strandings -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Behavioral Effects -- 4.2 Mass Strandings -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Addressing Challenges in Studies of Behavioral Responses of Whales to Noise -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Design -- 3 Field Measurements -- 3.1 Measurement of Behavior -- 3.2 Measurement of Received Noise Levels and the Acoustics of the Site -- 4 Analysis and Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18: Measurements of Operational Wind Turbine Noise in UK Waters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Wind Farms Surveyed -- 2.2 Measurement Methods -- 2.3 Measurement Equipment -- 2.4 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19: A Bioenergetics Approach to Understanding the Population Consequences of Disturbance: Elephant Seals as a Model System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Disturbance -- 2.2 Life History Data and Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Movements Through Disturbance -- 3.2 Relating Disturbance to Reproduction and Pup Survival -- 3.3 Comparison to California Sea Lions -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: Singing Fish in an Ocean of Noise: Effects of Boat Noise on the Plainfin Midshipman (Porichthys notatus) in a Natural Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Fish and Ships -- 1.2 Predators and Prey -- 1.3 A Singing Fish -- 2 Study -- 2.1 Methods -- 3 Preliminary Findings -- 4 Importance of Field Studies: Looking at the Ecosystem. , 5 Ongoing Work/Future Studies -- References -- Chapter 21: Detection of Complex Sounds in Quiet Conditions by Seals and Sea Lions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Psychoacoustics -- 3 Results by Stimulus Type -- 3.1 FM Stimuli -- 3.2 AM Stimuli -- 3.3 Harmonic Stimuli -- 4 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 22: Offshore Dredger Sounds: Source Levels, Sound Maps, and Risk Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ambient-Sound Measurements -- 3 TSHD Underwater Sound Measurements and Source Levels -- 4 Sound Maps -- 5 Risk Assessment -- References -- Chapter 23: Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on the Early Life Stages of Dicentrarchus labrax -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives -- 3 Target Species -- 4 Work Packages -- 4.1 WP1 -- 4.2 WP2 -- 5 Output -- References -- Chapter 24: The European Marine Strategy: Noise Monitoring in European Marine Waters from 2014 -- 1 Introduction to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive -- 1.1 Overall Goal of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive -- 1.2 Implementation of the MSFD -- 1.3 The MSFD and Underwater Sound -- 1.4 Criteria and Methodological Standards -- 2 Monitoring of Impulsive Noise -- 2.1 Aim/Effect Addressed by Impulsive Noise Indicator -- 2.2 Description of Sound Sources to Be Registered, including Their Source Levels -- 3 Monitoring Guidance for Ambient Noise -- 3.1 Aim/Effect Addressed by Ambient-Noise Indicator -- 3.2 Advice on Measuring and Modeling -- 3.3 Averaging Method for Ambient Noise -- 3.4 Outline of the Monitoring Program -- 4 Main Results and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 25: Potential Population Consequences of Active Sonar Disturbance in Atlantic Herring: Estimating the Maximum Risk -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Step 1 -- 3.2 Step 2 -- 3.3 Step 3 -- 3.4 Step 4 -- References. , Chapter 26: Fulfilling EU Laws to Ensure Marine Mammal Protection During Marine Renewable Construction Operations in Scotland.