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Compilation of trophic positions of marine biota from the central and Northeast Atlantic, and the Mediterranean Sea (2022)

Silva, Mónica A ; Colaço, Ana ; Olivar, M Pilar ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

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Publication Date: 2024-06-27

Description: Fractional trophic levels (i.e., trophic positions) describe the position of organisms within food webs and help define their functional roles in ecosystems (Odum & Heald, 1975). Trophic positions are thus critical for characterizing species' diets and energy pathways, investigating food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning, and assessing ecosystem health and resilience (Pauly et al., 1998; Pauly & Watson, 2005; Vander Zanden & Fetzer, 2007). We compiled estimates of trophic positions of marine organisms sampled across North Atlantic and Mediterranean waters between 1974 and 2015, gathered from 33 published and unpublished sources. The dataset comprises 208 unique species or genera, including zooplankton, decapods, cephalopods, pelagic and benthic fish, elasmobranchs, marine mammals, marine turtles, seabirds, as well as detritus. Estimates of trophic position were based on the analyses of stomach contents, bulk nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N values), or amino acid compound-specific nitrogen isotopic analysis. For each data record, we also provided the sampling location, geographic coordinates, month and year of sample collection, method of sample collection, taxonomic ranks (phylum, class, order, family), number and size (or size range) of sampled organisms, type of analyses and estimation method, as well as the reference and DOI of the original data source, for further details on the samples analysed and/or the analytical techniques used.

Keywords: Analytical method; Azores_comp; Azores-Iberian_Peninsula_comp; Balearic_Sea_comp; Barents_Sea_comp; Bay_of_Biscay_comp; Bay_of_Malaga_comp; Bear_Seamount_comp; Canary_Islands_comp; Cape_Blanc_comp; Cape_Verde_comp; Catalonian_Sea_comp; Cephalopods; Class; Comment; Condor_comp; Crustacea; DEPTH, water; elasmobranchs; Equatorial_comp; Event label; Family; fish; France_comp; Gear; Gulf_of_Lions_comp; Iberian_Peninsula_comp; Institution; Investigator; Jellyfish; LATITUDE; Location; LONGITUDE; marine mammals; marine turtles; Mediterranean_comp; mesopelagic food web; Method comment; Month; Newfoundland_Labrador_comp; North_Sea_comp; North_Water_polynya_comp; Northeast_Atlantic_comp; Number of individuals; Ocean and sea region; Order; Organisms; Persistent Identifier; Phylum; Portugal_comp; Record number; Reference/source; Replicates; salps; Scotland_comp; Seabirds; Size; Spain_comp; Strait_of_Gibraltar_comp; SUMMER; Sustainable Management of Mesopelagic Resources; Taxon/taxa; Taxon/taxa, unique identification (Semantic URI); Taxon/taxa, unique identification (URI); Thracian_Sea_comp; Tissue Descriptor; Trophic level; Trophic level, standard deviation; trophic position; Tyrrhenian_Sea_comp; Wales_comp; Year of observation

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 15378 data points

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Sei whale movements and behaviour in the North Atlantic inferred from satellite telemetry (2015)

Prieto, Rui ; Silva, Monica A. ; Waring, Gordon T. ; [et al.]

Inter-Research

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Publication Date: 2022-05-25

Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Endangered Species Research 26 (2014): 103-113, doi:10.3354/esr00630.

Description: The stock structure of the sei whale Balaenoptera borealis in the North Atlantic is unknown, despite years of commercial hunting. New and up-to-date data on distribution and movements are essential for the creation of plausible hypotheses about the stock structure of this species. Between 2008 and 2009 satellite tracks of 8 sei whales were obtained, 7 during spring and 1 in late September. Using a hierarchical switching state-space model we investigated the movements, behaviour and the role of distinct areas in their life history. Two distinct phases corresponding to migratory and foraging movements were identified. A migratory corridor between the Azores and the Labrador Sea is clearly identifiable from the data. Behaviour consistent with foraging was observed frequently in the Labrador Sea, showing that it constitutes an important feeding ground. A link between the Labrador Sea and other feeding grounds to the east is deemed likely. The data also support a discrete feeding ground in the Gulf of Maine and off Nova Scotia. A possible link between the feeding grounds in the Labrador Sea and wintering grounds off northwestern Africa is proposed.

Description: This research was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Fundo Regional da Ciência, Tecnologia (FRCT), through research projects TRACEPTDC/ MAR/74071/2006 and MAPCET-M2.1.2/F/012/2011 (FEDER, the Competitiveness Factors Operational [COMPETE], QREN European Social Fund, and Proconvergencia Açores/EU Program). We acknowledge funds provided by FCT to LARSyS Associated Laboratory & IMAR—University of the Azores/the Thematic Area D & E of the Strategic Project PEst-OE/EEI/LA0009/2011-1012 and 2013-2014 (OE & Compete) and by the FRCT—Government of the Azores pluriannual funding. M.A.S. was supported by POPH, QREN European Social Fund and the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education, through an FCT Investigator grant. R.P. was supported by an FCT doctoral grant (SFRH/ BD/41192/2007) and by a research grant from the Azores Regional Fund for Science and Technology (M3.1.5/ F/115/ 2012).

Keywords: Migration ; Satellite tracking ; Marine mammal ; Stock structure ; Labrador Sea ; Azores ; Whale ecology ; Sei whale

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

Format: application/pdf

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Historic and recent occurrences of pinnipeds in the Archipelago of the Azores (2010)

Silva, Monica A. ; Brito, Cristina ; Santos, Sara. V. ; [et al.]

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Publication Date: 2022-05-25

Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Walter de Gruyter for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Mammalia 73 (2009): 60-62, doi:10.1515/MAMM.2009.008.

Description: The Archipelago of the Azores (Portugal) is located between 37º and 41ºN and 25º and 31ºW and crosses the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is the most isolated archipelago in the Atlantic, situated 1600 km west of mainland Portugal and 3500 km from the eastern coast of the United States of America. At present, the only population of seals occurring in the Portuguese territory is found on Desertas Islands, Archipelago of Madeira, where a colony of 24 Mediterranean monk seals, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779), still persists (Pires and Neves 2001). Nonetheless, historical accounts reported by Frutuoso (1983) dating from the early to late 1500's mention sightings of "sea wolves" (the old Portuguese folk term for the Mediterranean monk seal) at several sites along the Azorean Island of Santa Maria. Little is known about the occurrence of monk seals in this area over the past five centuries, but the species certainly did not escape deliberate killing by the first settlers. While the early monk seal reports by Frutuoso (1983) are the only ones referring to the presence of colonies of seals in the Azores, more recently several sightings and strandings of vagrant seals of other species have been noted. Here we summarize historical knowledge describing colonies of Mediterranean monk seals in the Azores, review published records of pinnipeds from the 20th century and report new sightings and strandings of seals in the Azores.

Description: M.A.S. was supported by an FCT postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/29841/2006), co-funded by POCI2010 and FSE. C.B. was supported by an FCT doctoral grant (SFRH/BD/21836/2005). IMAR- DOP/UAç is the R&D Unit #531 and part of the Associated Laboratory #9 (ISR) funded through the pluri-annual and programmatic funding schemes of FCT-MCTES and DRCT-Azores.

Keywords: Azores ; Extralimital records ; Monachus monachus ; Pinnipeds

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Preprint

Format: application/pdf

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A review of interactions between cetaceans and fisheries in the Azores (2011)

Silva, Monica A. ; Machete, Miguel ; Reis, Dalia ; [et al.]

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Publication Date: 2022-05-26

Description: Author Posting. © John Wiley & Sons, 2010. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21 (2011): 17-27, doi:10.1002/aqc.1158

Description: 1. Interactions between cetaceans and fishing activity in the Archipelago of the Azores were examined using information contained in grey literature and previously unpublished data collected by observer programmes and research projects from 1998 to 2006. Together with a brief description of the economics, gear, fishing effort, and past and ongoing monitoring projects, levels of cetacean bycatch and interference were reported for each major fishery. 2. Cetaceans were present in 7% (n=973) and interfered in 3% (n=452) of the fishing events monitored by observers aboard tuna-fishing vessels. Interference resulted in a significantly higher proportion of events with zero catches but it was also associated with higher tuna catches. 3. There was a decreasing trend in the proportion of tuna-fishing events with cetacean presence or interference throughout this study, as well as a reduction in the estimates of dolphins captured annually by the whole fleet. 4. Observers reported cetacean depredation in 16% of the sets for demersal species and in 2% of the sets for swordfish. Cetacean presence and depredation were associated with higher overall catches and higher catches per unit effort in demersal fisheries. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were responsible for most depredation events in demersal fisheries, whereas in the swordfish fishery, depredation was associated with the presence of killer whales (Orcinus orca). There were no reports of cetacean bycatch in these fisheries. There were also no reports of cetaceans interacting in the experimental deep-sea fisheries that were examined. 5. Available data suggests that levels of interaction between cetaceans and Azorean fisheries are generally low and that the economic impact of cetacean interference is probably small. However, for several traditional fisheries there are no accurate data to determine levels of cetacean interaction. We recommend that existing observer programmes be expanded to increase observer coverage of the demersal and swordfish fisheries and allow monitoring of other existing and emerging fisheries.

Description: M.A.S. was supported by an FCT postdoctoral (SFRH/BPD/29841/2006) grant, and R.P. was supported by an FCT doctoral grant (SFRH/BD/32520/2006).

Keywords: Cetacean–fisheries interactions ; Depredation ; Bycatch ; Fisheries ; Atlantic Ocean ; Azores

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Preprint

Format: application/pdf

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True’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon mirus) in Macaronesia (2017)

Aguilar De Soto, Natacha ; Martín, Vidal ; Silva, Monica A. ; [et al.]

PeerJ

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Publication Date: 2022-05-26

Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PeerJ 5 (2017): e3059, doi:10.7717/peerj.3059.

Description: The True’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon mirus, True 1913) is a poorly known member of the Ziphiidae family. Its distribution in the northern hemisphere is thought to be restricted to the temperate or warm temperate waters of the North Atlantic, while a few stranding records from the southern hemisphere suggest a wider and antitropical distribution, extending to waters from the Atlantic coast of Brazil to South Africa, Mozambique, Australia and the Tasman Sea coast of New Zealand. This paper (i) reports the first molecular confirmation of the occurrence of the True’s beaked whale at the southern limit of its distribution recorded in the northeast Atlantic: the Azores and Canary Islands (macaronesian ecoregion); (ii) describes a new colouration for this species using evidence from a whale with molecular species confirmation; and (iii) contributes to the sparse worldwide database of live sightings, including the first underwater video recording of this species and close images of a calf. Species identification was confirmed in two cases using mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b gene markers: a subadult male True’s beaked whale that stranded in El Hierro, Canary Islands, in November 2012, and a subadult male found floating dead near Faial, the Azores, in July 2004. The whale that stranded in the Canary Islands had a clearly delimited white area on its head, extending posteriorly from the tip of the beak to cover the blowhole dorsally and the gular grooves ventrally. This colouration contrasts with previous descriptions for the species and it may be rare, but it exemplifies the variability of the colouration of True’s beaked whales in the North Atlantic, further confirmed here by live sightings data. The recording of several observations of this species in deep but relatively coastal waters off the Azores and the Canary Islands suggests that these archipelagos may be unique locations to study the behaviour of the enigmatic True’s beaked whale.

Description: MAS is supported by an FCT-Investigator contract (funded by POPH, QREN European Social Fund and the Portuguese Ministry for Science and Education). ELC was supported for the analysis by a Newton International Fellowship from the Royal Society of London and during writting by the EU-FP7 Marie Curie project ``Behaviour-Connect''. NAS was funded during data collection of this work by the EU-FP7 Marie Curie project SOUNDMAR and during writting by project ECOSOUND within the Horizon 2020 EU Marie Slodowska Curie program.

Keywords: Ziphiidae ; Cytochrome b ; mtDNA ; Genetics ; Colouration patterns ; Phenotype ; North Atlantic ; Cetacean distribution ; Canary Islands ; Azores

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

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Modeling the potential distribution and richness of cetaceans in the Azores from Fisheries Observer Program data (2017)

Tobeña Morcillo, Marta ; Prieto, Rui ; Machete, Miguel ; [et al.]

Frontiers Media

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Publication Date: 2022-05-26

Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 2 (2016): 202, doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00202.

Description: Marine spatial planning and ecological research call for high-resolution species distribution data. However, those data are still not available for most marine large vertebrates. The dynamic nature of oceanographic processes and the wide-ranging behavior of many marine vertebrates create further difficulties, as distribution data must incorporate both the spatial and temporal dimensions. Cetaceans play an essential role in structuring and maintaining marine ecosystems and face increasing threats from human activities. The Azores holds a high diversity of cetaceans but the information about spatial and temporal patterns of distribution for this marine megafauna group in the region is still very limited. To tackle this issue, we created monthly predictive cetacean distribution maps for spring and summer months, using data collected by the Azores Fisheries Observer Programme between 2004 and 2009. We then combined the individual predictive maps to obtain species richness maps for the same period. Our results reflect a great heterogeneity in distribution among species and within species among different months. This heterogeneity reflects a contrasting influence of oceanographic processes on the distribution of cetacean species. However, some persistent areas of increased species richness could also be identified from our results. We argue that policies aimed at effectively protecting cetaceans and their habitats must include the principle of dynamic ocean management coupled with other area-based management such as marine spatial planning.

Description: This work was supported by FEDER funds, through the Competitiveness Factors Operational Programme - COMPETE, by national funds, through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, under project TRACE (PTDC/ MAR/74071/2006), and by regional funds, through DRCT/SRCTE, under projects MAPCET (M2.1.2/F/012/2011) and 2020 (M2.1.2/I/026/2011). We acknowledge funds provided by FCT to MARE, through the strategic project UID/MAR/04292/2013. RP is supported by an FCT postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/108007/2015); MAS is supported by Program Investigator FCT (IF/00943/2013) and MT was supported by a research fellowship under the Exploratory project (IF/00943/2013/CP1199/CT0001) that also paid the fees for this open-access publication. IF/00943/2013 and IF/00943/2013/CP1199/CT0001 are funded by FSE and MCTES, through POPH and QREN.

Keywords: Cetacean ; Spatio-temporal distribution ; Azores ; Species distribution models (SDMs) ; Richness ; MaxEnt

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

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