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  • Chukchi Sea  (6)
  • Ammonium; Ammonium, standard deviation; Auto-analyzer II, Technicon; Carbon, organic, particulate; Carbon, organic, particulate, integrated; Carbon, organic, particulate, standard deviation; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; CORSACS II; DATE/TIME; Date/time end; Event label; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Mass spectrometer Finnigan MAT 252; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0608; NBP0608_all; NBP9807; NBP9807_all; NBP9807_early; NBP9807_late; Nitrate; Nitrate, standard deviation; Nitrite; Nitrite, standard deviation; Nitrogen, inorganic; Nitrogen, inorganic, standard deviation; Nitrogen, particulate; Nitrogen, particulate, standard deviation; Phosphate; Phosphate, standard deviation; ROAVERRS; Ross Sea; Salinity, brine; Salinity, standard deviation; Sample amount, subset; Sample type; Silicate; Silicate, standard deviation; SNOW; Snow/ice sample; δ13C, carbon dioxide, atmospheric; δ13C, carbon dioxide, standard deviation; δ13C, particulate organic carbon; δ13C, standard deviation  (1)
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  • 1
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    (Table 1) Nutrient concentrations and carbon isotopes of sea ice segments and brine sampled during Nathaniel B. Palmer cruises NBP98-07 and NBP06-08, Ross Sea (2010)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Munro, David R; Dunbar, Robert B; Mucciarone, David A; Arrigo, Kevin R; Long, Matthew C (2010): Stable isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon in sea ice from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(C9), C09005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005661
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: We examined controls on the carbon isotopic composition of sea ice brines and organic matter during cruises to the Ross Sea, Antarctica in November/December 1998 and November/December 2006. Brine samples were analyzed for salinity, nutrients, total dissolved inorganic carbon (sum CO2), and the 13C/12C ratio of Sum CO2 (d13C(sum CO2)). Particulate organic matter from sea ice cores was analyzed for percent particulate organic carbon (POC), percent total particulate nitrogen (TPN), and stable carbon isotopic composition (d13C(POC)). Sum CO2 in sea ice brines ranged from 1368 to 7149 µmol/kg, equivalent to 1483 to 2519 µmol/kg when normalized to 34.5 psu salinity (s sum CO2), the average salinity of Ross Sea surface waters. Sea ice primary producers removed up to 34% of the available sum CO2, an amount much higher than the maximum removal observed in sea ice free water. Carbonate precipitation and CO2 degassing may reduce s sum CO2 by a similar amount (e.g., 30%) in the most hypersaline sea ice environments, although brine volumes are low in very cold ice that supports these brines. Brine d13C(sum CO2) ranged from -2.6 to +8.0 per mil while d13C(POC) ranged from -30.5 to -9.2 per mil. Isotopic enrichment of the sum CO2 pool via net community production accounts for some but not all carbon isotopic enrichment of sea ice POC. Comparisons of s sum CO2, d13C(sum CO2), and d13C(POC) within sea ice suggest that epsilon p (the net photosynthetic fractionation factor) for sea ice algae is ~8 per mil smaller than the epsilon p observed for phytoplankton in open water regions of the Ross Sea. These results have implications for modeling of carbon uptake and transformation in the ice-covered ocean and for reconstruction of past sea ice extent based on stable isotopic composition of organic matter in sediment cores.
    Keywords: Ammonium; Ammonium, standard deviation; Auto-analyzer II, Technicon; Carbon, organic, particulate; Carbon, organic, particulate, integrated; Carbon, organic, particulate, standard deviation; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; CORSACS II; DATE/TIME; Date/time end; Event label; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Mass spectrometer Finnigan MAT 252; Nathaniel B. Palmer; NBP0608; NBP0608_all; NBP9807; NBP9807_all; NBP9807_early; NBP9807_late; Nitrate; Nitrate, standard deviation; Nitrite; Nitrite, standard deviation; Nitrogen, inorganic; Nitrogen, inorganic, standard deviation; Nitrogen, particulate; Nitrogen, particulate, standard deviation; Phosphate; Phosphate, standard deviation; ROAVERRS; Ross Sea; Salinity, brine; Salinity, standard deviation; Sample amount, subset; Sample type; Silicate; Silicate, standard deviation; SNOW; Snow/ice sample; δ13C, carbon dioxide, atmospheric; δ13C, carbon dioxide, standard deviation; δ13C, particulate organic carbon; δ13C, standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 404 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 2
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    Late spring nitrate distributions beneath the ice-covered northeastern Chukchi Shelf (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 122 (2017): 2409–2417, doi:10.1002/2017JG003881.
    Description: Measurements of late springtime nutrient concentrations in Arctic waters are relatively rare due to the extensive sea ice cover that makes sampling difficult. During the SUBICE (Study of Under-ice Blooms In the Chukchi Ecosystem) cruise in May–June 2014, an extensive survey of hydrography and prebloom concentrations of inorganic macronutrients, oxygen, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and chlorophyll a was conducted in the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Cold (〈−1.5°C) winter water was prevalent throughout the study area, and the water column was weakly stratified. Nitrate (NO3−) concentration averaged 12.6 ± 1.92 μM in surface waters and 14.0 ± 1.91 μM near the bottom and was significantly correlated with salinity. The highest NO3− concentrations were associated with winter water within the Central Channel flow path. NO3− concentrations were much reduced near the northern shelf break within the upper halocline waters of the Canada Basin and along the eastern side of the shelf near the Alaskan coast. Net community production (NCP), estimated as the difference in depth-integrated NO3− content between spring (this study) and summer (historical), varied from 28 to 38 g C m−2 a−1. This is much lower than previous NCP estimates that used NO3− concentrations from the southeastern Bering Sea as a baseline. These results demonstrate the importance of using profiles of NO3− measured as close to the beginning of the spring bloom as possible when estimating local NCP. They also show that once the snow melts in spring, increased light transmission through the sea ice to the waters below the ice could fuel large phytoplankton blooms over a much wider area than previously known.
    Description: NSF Office of Polar Programs Grant Numbers: PLR-1304563, PLR-1303617
    Description: 2018-03-18
    Keywords: Chukchi Sea ; Nitrate ; Phytoplankton
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    The influence of winter water on phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 118 (2015): 53-72, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.006.
    Description: The flow of nutrient-rich winter water (WW) through the Chukchi Sea plays an important and previously uncharacterized role in sustaining summer phytoplankton blooms. Using hydrographic and biogeochemical data collected as part of the ICESCAPE program (June-July 2010-11), we examined phytoplankton bloom dynamics in relation to the distribution and circulation of WW (defined as water with potential temperature ≤ -1.6°C) across the Chukchi shelf. Characterized by high concentrations of nitrate (mean: 12.3 ± 5.13 μmol L-1) that typically limits primary production in this region, WW was correlated with extremely high phytoplankton biomass, with mean chlorophyll a concentrations that were three-fold higher in WW (8.64 ± 9.75 μg L-1) than in adjacent warmer water (2.79 ± 5.58 μg L-1). Maximum chlorophyll a concentrations (~30 μg L-1) were typically positioned at the interface between nutrient-rich WW and shallower, warmer water with more light availability. Comparing satellite-based calculations of open water duration to phytoplankton biomass, nutrient concentrations, and oxygen saturation revealed widespread evidence of under-ice blooms prior to our sampling, with biogeochemical properties indicating that blooms had already terminated in many places where WW was no longer present. Our results suggest that summer phytoplankton blooms are sustained for a longer duration along the pathways of nutrient-rich WW and that biological hotspots in this region (e.g. the mouth of Barrow Canyon) are largely driven by the flow and confluence of these extremely productive pathways of WW that flow across the Chukchi shelf.
    Description: This material is based upon work supported by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) under Grant No. NNX10AF42G and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-0645962 to K.E. Lowry.
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Winter water ; Under-ice blooms ; Biological hotspots ; Chukchi Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Water properties, heat and volume fluxes of Pacific water in Barrow Canyon during summer 2010 (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 102 (2015): 43-54, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2015.04.004.
    Description: Over the past few decades, sea ice retreat during summer has been enhanced in the Pacific sector of the Arctic basin, likely due in part to increasing summertime heat flux of Pacific-origin water from the Bering Strait. Barrow Canyon, in the northeast Chukchi Sea, is a major conduit through which the Pacific-origin water enters the Arctic basin. This paper presents results from 6 repeat high-resolution shipboard hydrographic/velocity sections occupied across Barrow Canyon in summer 2010. The different Pacific water masses feeding the canyon – Alaskan coastal water (ACW), summer Bering Sea water (BSW), and Pacific winter water (PWW) – all displayed significant intra-seasonal variability. Net volume transports through the canyon were between 0.96 and 1.70 Sv poleward, consisting of 0.41–0.98 Sv of warm Pacific water (ACW and BSW) and 0.28–0.65 Sv of PWW. The poleward heat flux also varied strongly, ranging from 8.56 TW to 24.56 TW, mainly due to the change in temperature of the warm Pacific water. Using supplemental mooring data from the core of the warm water, along with wind data from the Pt. Barrow weather station, we derive and assess a proxy for estimating heat flux in the canyon for the summer time period, which is when most of the heat passes northward towards the basin. The average heat flux for 2010 was estimated to be 3.34 TW, which is as large as the previous record maximum in 2007. This amount of heat could melt 315,000 km2 of 1-meter thick ice, which likely contributed to significant summer sea ice retreat in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean.
    Description: MI, TK, YF, KO and DS were supported by Green Network of Excellence Program (GRENE Program), Arctic Climate Change Research Project ‘Rapid Change of the Arctic Climate System and its Global Influences’ by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan. RP was supported by grant ARC-1203906 from the US National Science Foundation. CA was supported by grant ARC-1023331 from the US National Science Foundation and by the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (NOAA Cooperative AgreementNA09OAR4320129) with funds provided by the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration through an Interagency Agreement between the US Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management and the National Marine Mammal Laboratory. SV was supported by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. MI and TK were supported by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. MI, TK, YF and KO were supported by Grant no. 2014-23 from Joint Research Program of the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University. YF and KO were supported by grants-in-aid 20221001 for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. JTM was supported by grant PLR-1041102 from the US National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Polar oceanography ; Arctic Ocean ; Chukchi Sea ; Heat fluxes ; Volume transports ; Water properties
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Nitrogen limitation of the summer phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryote communities in the Chukchi Sea (2018)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 362, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00362.
    Description: Major changes to Arctic marine ecosystems have resulted in longer growing seasons with increased phytoplankton production over larger areas. In the Chukchi Sea, the high productivity fuels intense benthic denitrification creating a nitrogen (N) deficit that is transported through the Arctic to the Atlantic Ocean, where it likely fuels N fixation. Given the rapid pace of environmental change and the potentially globally significant N deficit, we conducted experiments aimed at understanding phytoplankton and microbial N utilization in the Chukchi Sea. Ship-board experiments tested the effect of nitrate (NO3-) additions on both phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryote abundance, community composition, photophysiology, carbon fixation and NO3- uptake rates. Results support the critical role of NO3- in limiting summer phytoplankton communities to small cells with low production rates. NO3- additions increased particulate concentrations, abundance of large diatoms, and rates of carbon fixation and NO3- uptake by cells 〉1 μm. Increases in the quantum yield and electron turnover rate of photosystem II in +NO3- treatments suggested that phytoplankton in the ambient dissolved N environment were N starved and unable to build new, or repair damaged, reaction centers. While some increases in heterotrophic prokaryote abundance and production were noted with NO3- amendments, phytoplankton competition or grazers likely dampened these responses. Trends toward a warmer more stratified Chukchi Sea will likely enhance summer oligotrophic conditions and further N starve Chukchi Sea phytoplankton communities.
    Description: Fieldwork and analysis for the ICESCAPE program was supported by Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX10AF42G to KA.
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Nitrogen ; Chukchi Sea ; Nitrate ; Nutrient limitation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Characteristics and transformation of Pacific winter water on the Chukchi Sea shelf in late spring (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 124 (2019): 7153– 7177, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015261.
    Description: Data from a late spring survey of the northeast Chukchi Sea are used to investigate various aspects of newly ventilated winter water (NVWW). More than 96% of the water sampled on the shelf was NVWW, the saltiest (densest) of which tended to be in the main flow pathways on the shelf. Nearly all of the hydrographic profiles on the shelf displayed a two‐layer structure, with a surface mixed layer and bottom boundary layer separated by a weak density interface (on the order of 0.02 kg/m3). Using a polynya model to drive a one‐dimensional mixing model, it was demonstrated that, on average, the profiles would become completely homogenized within 14–25 hr when subjected to the March and April heat fluxes. A subset of the profiles would become homogenized when subjected to the May heat fluxes. Since the study domain contained numerous leads within the pack ice—many of them refreezing—and since some of the measured profiles were vertically uniform in density, this suggests that NVWW is formed throughout the Chukchi shelf via convection within small openings in the ice. This is consistent with the result that the salinity signals of the NVWW along the central shelf pathway cannot be explained solely by advection from Bering Strait or via modification within large polynyas. The local convection would be expected to stir nutrients into the water column from the sediments, which explains the high nitrate concentrations observed throughout the shelf. This provides a favorable initial condition for phytoplankton growth on the Chukchi shelf.
    Description: The authors are indebted to Commanding Officer John Reeves, Executive Officer Gregory Stanclik, Operations Officer Jacob Cass, and the entire crew of the USCGC Healy for their hard work and dedication in making the SUBICE cruise a success. We also acknowledge Scott Hiller for his assistance with Healy's meteorological data. We thank an anonymous reviewer for helpful input that improved the paper. Funding for A. P., R. P., C. N., and F. B. was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant PLR‐1303617. K. M. was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. K. V. acknowledges the Bergen Research Foundation under Grant BFS2016REK01. K. A. was supported by the NSF grant PLR‐1304563. The CTD and shipboard ADCP data are available from https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/HLY1401, and the nutrient data can be accessed from https://arcticdata.io/catalog/view/doi:10.18739/A2RG3Z and http://ocean.stanford.edu/subice/. The shipboard meteorological data reside at http://ocean.stanford.edu/subice/.
    Description: 2020-04-14
    Keywords: Brine rejection ; Chukchi Sea ; Convection ; Winter water
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Physical controls on the macrofaunal benthic biomass in Barrow Canyon, Chukchi Sea (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126(5), (2021): e2020JC017091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017091.
    Description: A region of exceptionally high macrofaunal benthic biomass exists in Barrow Canyon, implying a carbon export process that is locally concentrated. Here we offer an explanation for this benthic “hotspot” using shipboard data together with a set of dynamical equations. Repeat occupations of the Distributed Biological Observatory transect in Barrow Canyon reveal that when the northward flow is strong and the density front in the canyon is sharp, plumes of fluorescence and oxygen extend from the pycnocline to the seafloor in the vicinity of the hotspot. By solving the quasi-geostrophic omega equation with an analytical flow field fashioned after the observations, we diagnose the vertical velocity in the canyon. This reveals that, as the along stream flow converges into the canyon, it drives a secondary circulation cell with strong downwelling on the cyclonic side of the northward flow. The downwelling quickly advects material from the pycnocline to the seafloor in a vertical plume analogous to those seen in the observations. The plume occurs only when the phytoplankton reside in the pycnocline, since the near-surface vertical velocity is weak, also consistent with the observations. Using a wind-based proxy to represent the strength of the northward flow and hence the pumping, in conjunction with a satellite-derived phytoplankton source function, we construct a time series of carbon supply to the bottom of Barrow Canyon.
    Description: This work was funded by National Science Foundation grants PLR-1504333 and OPP-1733564 (Robert S. Pickart, Frank Bahr), OPP-1822334 (Michael A. Spall), PLR-1304563 (Kevin R. Arrigo), OPP-1204082 and OPP-1702456 (Jacqueline M. Grebmeier); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration grants NA14OAR4320158 and NA19OAR4320074 (Robert S. Pickart, Peigen Lin, Leah T. McRaven), CINAR-22309.02 (Jacqueline M. Grebmeier).
    Keywords: Barrow Canyon ; Benthic fauna ; Chukchi Sea ; Dynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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