Note: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- Isolation of Amino Acids from Natural Sources -- Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- General Methods of Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acids -- α-Alkyl Analogues of Protein Amino Acids -- Synthesis of C-Alkyl and Substituted C-Alkyl α-Amino Acids, and Cyclic Analogues -- Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- α-Alkoxy α-Amino Acids -- α-(Halogenoalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- α-(Hydroxyalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- α-Amino Acids with Aminoalkyl Side-chains -- α-Amino Acids with Unsaturated Side-chains -- α-Amino Acids with Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Side-chains -- N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- Sulphur Containing α-Amino Acids -- Phosphorus Containing α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of Labelled Amino Acids -- Synthesis of β-Amino Acids, and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- Resolution of DL-α-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis of Amino Acids -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- Mass Spectrometry of α-Amino Acids and Related Gas Phase Studies -- Other Spectrometric Studies of Amino Acids -- Other Physico-Chemical Studies -- Molecular Orbital Calculations for α-Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- Racemization -- General Reactions of Amino Acids -- Specific Reactions of Amino Acids -- Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- General -- Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- Thin-layer Chromatography. , Ion-exchange Chromatography -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Other Analytical Methods -- Determination of Specific Amino Acids -- References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- α-Amino-group Protection -- Carboxyl-group Protection -- Side-chain Protection -- General Deprotection -- Peptide Bond Formation -- Disulfide Bond Formation -- Solid-phase Peptide Synthesis -- Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semi-synthesis -- Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Selected Examples of Peptide Syntheses -- 4 Appendix. A List of Syntheses Reported in 1992 -- Natural Peptides, Proteins, and Partial Sequences -- Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- Conformation of Synthetic Peptides -- Glycopeptides -- Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- Immunogenic Peptides -- Miscellaneous Peptides -- 5 Purification Methods -- References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide-backbone Modifications -- ψ[CSNH]-Thioamide Analogues -- ψ[NHCO]-Retro-Inverso Analogues -- ψ[CH2NH]-Amino Methylene Analogues -- ψ[CH = CH]- and ψ [CH2 = CH2]-Ethylenic and Carba Analogues -- ψ[COCH2] and ψ [CH(OH)CH2]-Keto-methylene and Hydroxymethylene Analogues -- Phosphono-Peptides -- ψ[SO2NH] Analogues -- C-Terminal Modifications -- Miscellaneous Modifications -- α,α-Dialkylated Glycine Analogues -- 3 Conformationally Restricted Cyclic and Bridged Analogues -- Rings and Bridges formed via Amide Bonds -- Bridges formed by Disulphide Bonds -- Miscellaneous Bridges and β-Turn Mimetics -- 4 Dehydroamino Acid Analogues -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- Renin Inhibitors -- HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors -- Inhibitors of Other Proteases. , 6 Side-chain Interactions Studied by Residue Substitution or Deletion and Similar Modifications -- Peptides with 'Opioid Characteristics' -- Cholecystokinin Analogues -- Angiotensin and Analogues -- Oxytocin and Vasopressin Analogues -- Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) Analogues -- Tachykinin Analogues -- Somatostatin Analogues -- Bradykinin Analogues -- Miscellaneous Examples -- 7 Conformational Information Derived from Physical Methods -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified, and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- General Considerations -- Naturally Occurring Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- Other Dioxopiperazines -- Cyclotripeptides and Cyclotetrapeptides -- Cyclopentapeptides -- Cyclohexapeptides -- Cycloheptapeptides and Cyclo-octapeptides -- Cyclononapeptides -- Cyclodecapeptides -- Higher Cyclic Peptides -- Peptides containing Thiazole Type Rings -- Cyclodepsipeptides -- Cyclic peptides containing Other Non-protein Ring Components -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- Phosphopeptides -- Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- Other Glycopeptides -- Lipopep tides -- 4 Miscellaneous Examples -- References -- Chapter 5 Current Trends in Protein Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Protein Sequencing -- Mass Measurements of Proteins -- 3 Protein Sequence and Structure -- Structural Motifs -- Loop Regions in Proteins -- Protein Modules -- 4 Protein Folding -- 5 Protein Stability -- 6 Proteins that Bind Nucleic Acid -- Transcription Factors -- DNA Repair Enzymes -- Restriction Enzymes -- DNA Polymerases -- Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases -- 7 Other Proteins of Special Interest -- Antibodies -- Lipases -- Cholinesterases -- Other X-Ray Protein Structures -- 8 Metal Containing Proteins -- Zinc Proteins -- Calcium Proteins -- Tungsten Proteins -- Iron Proteins -- Copper Proteins -- 9 Catalytic Mechanism. , Substrate Specificity -- 10 Protein-Protein Interactions -- References -- Chapter 6 Metal Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid Complexes -- Crystal and Molecular Structures -- Synthesis -- Solution Studies: Structures and Reactions -- Formation Constants -- Catalysis -- 3 Peptide Complexes -- Synthesis, Crystal Structures -- Reactivity -- Solution Chemistry -- Miscellaneous -- References.

Note: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Amino acids -- Introduction -- Naturally occuring amino acids -- Chemical synthesis and resolution of amino acids -- Physical and stereochemical studies of amino acids -- Chemical studies of amino acids -- Analytical methods -- Peptide synthesis -- Introduction -- Methods -- Appendix: A list of syntheses in 2003-2004 -- Analogue and conformational studies on peptides, hormones and other biologically active peptides -- Introduction -- Peptide backbone modifications and peptide mimetics -- Cyclic peptides -- Biologically active peptides -- Enzyme inhibitors -- Phage library leads -- Protein-protein interaction inhibitors: SH2 and SH3 domain ligands -- Cyclic, modified and conjugated peptides -- Introduction -- Cyclic peptides -- Modified and conjugated peptides -- Miscellaneous structures -- Metal complexes of amino acids and peptides -- Introduction -- Amino acid complexes -- Peptide complexes.

Note: Amino Acids and Peptides -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- Methodology of Isolation of Amino Acids from Natural Sources -- Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- New Natural Amino Acids -- New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- General Methods of Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acids -- α-Alkyl Analogues of Protein Amino Acids -- Synthesis of C-Alkyl and Substituted C-Alkyl α-Amino Acids -- Prebiotic Synthesis Models for Amino Acids -- α-Alkoxy α-Amino Acids and Related α-Heteroatom Substituted α-Amino Acids -- α-(Halogenoalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of Aliphatic α-Amino Acids Carrying Side-chain Hydroxy Groups -- Synthesis of Aliphatic α-Amino Acids Carrying Unsaturated Side-chains -- Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Side-chains -- Synthesis of N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Phosphorus-containing Side-chains -- Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Boron-containing Side-chains -- Synthesis of Labelled α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of β- and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- Laboratory Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- Models for Prebiotic Enantioselection Relating to α-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- X-Ray Crystal Structures -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- Mass Spectrometry -- Other Spectroscopic and Related Studies -- Physico-chemical Studies -- Molecular Orbital Calculations -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- Racemization -- General Reactions of Amino Acids -- Specific Reactions of Amino Acids. , Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- General -- Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- Ion-exchange and Related Forms of Chromatography -- Thin-layer Chromatography -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Other Analytical Methods -- Assay of Specific Amino Acids -- References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- Amino-group Protection -- Carboxyl-group Protection -- Side-chain Protection -- General Deprotection -- Peptide Bond Formation -- Disulphide Bond Formation -- Solid-phase Peptide Synthesis -- Enzyme-mediated synthesis and Semi-synthesis -- Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Selected Examples of Peptide Synthesis -- 4 Appendix. A List of Synthesis Reported in 1991 -- Natural Peptides, Proteins, and Partial Sequences -- Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- Conformation of Synthetic peptides -- Glycopeptides -- Phosphopeptides -- Immunogenic Peptides -- Miscellaneous Peptides -- 5 Purification Methods -- References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptide Hormones and other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide-backbone Modifications -- ψ[CSNH]-Analogues -- ψ[NHCO]-Retro-Inverso Ana1ogues -- ψ[CH2NH]-Amino Methylene Analogues -- ψ[CH=CH]- and ψ [CF=CH]-Ethylenic Isosteres -- Phosphono-Peptides -- ψ[CH20]-Methyleneoxy Analogues -- Miscellaneous Modifications -- C'-Terminal Modifications -- α, α-Dialkylated Glycine Analogues -- 3 Conformationally Restricted Cyclic and Bridged Analogues -- Rings and Bridges formed via Amide Bonds -- Bridges formed by Disulfide Bonds -- Miscellaneous Bridges and β-Turn Mimetics -- 4 Dehydroamino Acid Analogues -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- Renin Inhibitors -- HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. , Inhibitors of Other Proteases -- 6 Side-chain Interactions Studied by Residue Substitution or Deletion and Similar Modifications -- Peptides with 'Opioid Characteristics' -- Cholecystokinin Analogues -- Angiotensin and Analogues -- Oxytocin and Vasopressin Analogues -- Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) Analogues -- Substance P and Analogues -- Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH) Analogues -- Somatostatin Analogues -- Bradykinin Analogues -- Glucagon/Gastrin-releasing Peptides -- Miscellaneous Examples -- 7 Conformational Information derived from Physical Methods -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified, and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- General Considerations -- Naturally Occurring Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- Other Dioxopiperazines -- Cyclotripeptides and Cyclotetrapeptides -- Cyclopentapeptides -- Cyclohexapeptides -- Cyclohepta and Cyclo-octapeptides -- Cyclononapeptides -- Cyclodecapeptides -- Higher Cyclic Peptides -- Peptides containing Thiazole Type Rings -- Cyclodepsipeptides -- Cyclic peptides containing Other Non-protein Ring Components -- 3 Modified Linear Peptides -- Phosphonopeptides -- 4 Conjugate Peptides -- Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- Other Glycopeptides -- Oligonucleotide Peptide Conjugates -- Lipopeptides and Related Conjugates -- 5 Miscellaneous Examples -- Refrences -- Chapter 5 β-Lactam Antibiotic Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Natural Products -- 3 Biosynthesis -- 4 Penicillins and Cephalosporins -- 5 Clavulanic Acid and Oxapenams -- 6 Penems -- 7 Carbapenems, Carbacephems, and Related Systems -- 8 Azetidinones -- Reactions in which One Bond is Formed -- 1-2 Bond-forming Reactions -- 3-4 Bond-forming Reactions -- 1-4 Bond-forming Reactions -- 2-3 Bond-forming Reactions -- Reactions in which Two Bonds are Formed -- [3+1] - Additions -- 1-2 and 2-3 Bond Formation. , [2+2] - Additions -- 1-2 and 3-4 Bond Formation -- 1-4 and 2-3 Bond Formation -- Chemistry and Azetidinones -- Further Uses of Azetidinones -- 9 Major Structural Variants -- 10 Mechanistic Studies, Mode of Action, and Degradation -- Appendix: β-Lactam Antibiotics Prepared for Structure-activity Relationships and Miscellaneous β-Lactams -- References.

Note: AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.1 Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- 3.2 New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.3 New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- 4.1 General Methods for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acids including Enan tiostereoselective Synthesis -- 4.1.1 Amination of Alkanoic Acid Derivatives by Amines and Amine-related Reagents -- 4.1.2 Carboxylation of Alkylamines and Imines, and Related Methods -- 4.1.3 Use of Chiral Auxiliaries in Amino Acid Synthesis -- 4.1.4 Use of Rearrangements Generating a Carbon-Nitrogen Bond -- 4.1.5 Other Rearrangments -- 4.1.6 Amidocarbonylation and Related Processes -- 4.1.7 From Glycine Derivatives -- 4.1.8 From 'Dehydro-amino Acid' Derivatives -- 4.2 Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring a-Amino Acids -- 4.3 Synthesis of α-Alkyl-α-Amino Acids -- 4.4 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Alkyl Side-chains, and Cyclic Analogues -- 4.5 Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- 4.6 Synthesis of α-(ω-Halogeno-alky1)-α-Amino Acids -- 4.7 Synthesis of α-(ω-Hydroxyalky1)-α-Amino Acids -- 4.8 Synthesis of N-substituted α-Amino Acids -- 4.9 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Unsaturated Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.10 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Aromatic or Heteroiiromatic Groupings in Side-chains -- 4.11 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Amino Groups, and Related Nitrogen Functional Groups, in Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.12 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Sulfur-, Selenium-, or Tellurium-containing Side-chains -- 4.13 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Silicon Functional Groups in Side-chains -- 4.14 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups in Side-chains. , 4.15 Synthesis of β-Amino Acids and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 4.16 Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.1 X-Ray Crystal Analysis of Amino Acids and their Derivatives -- 5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- 5.3 Opitical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Other Spectroscopic Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6 Other Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6.1 Measurements for Amino Acid Solutions -- 5.6.2 Measurements for Solid Amino Acids -- 5.6.3 Amino Acid Adsorption and Transport Phenomena -- 5.6.4 Host-Guest Studies with Amino Acids -- 5.7 Molecular Orbital Calculations for Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 6.1 Racemization -- 6.2 General Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.2.1 Thermal Stability of Amino Acids -- 6.2.2 Reactions at the Amino Group -- 6.2.3 Reactions at the Carboxy Group -- 6.2.4 Reactions at Both Amino and Carboxy Groups -- 6.2.5 Reactions at the α-Carbon Atom of α- and β-Amino Acids -- 6.3 Specific: Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.4 Effects of Electromagnetic Readiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Gas-liquid Chromatography -- 7.3 Ion-exchange Chromatography -- 7.4 Thin-layer Chromatography -- 7.5 High-performance Liquid Chromatography -- 7.6 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) and Related Analytical Methods -- 7.7 Assays for Specific Amino Acids -- References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxy-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation -- 2.6 Peptide Synthesis on Macromolecular Supports and Methods of Combinatorial Synthesis -- 2.7 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semi-synthesis -- 2.8 Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis. , 3 Appendix: A List of Syntheses Reported Mainly in 1997 -- 3.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins and Partial Sequences -- 3.2 Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- 3.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 3.4 Conformation of Synthetic Peptides -- 3.5 Glycopeptides -- 3.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- 3.7 Immunogenic Peptides -- 3.8 Nucleopeptides -- 3.9 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 3.10 Purification Methods -- References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptides, Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide Backbone Modifications and Di- and Tri-peptide Mimetics -- 2.1 ψ[CH2WH]-Aminomethylene Analogues -- 2.2 ψ[CH=GH]-Isosteres -- 2.3 ψ[COCH2]-Ketomethylene Isosteres -- 2.4 Retro- and Retro-inverso Psuedopeptides -- 2.5 Rigid Di- and Tri-peptide and Turn Mimetics -- 3 Cyclic Peptides -- 3.1 Naturally Occurring Cyclic Peptides, Synthetic Analogues and Conformational Studies -- 4 Biologically Active Peptides -- 4.1 Peptides Involved in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.2 Antimicrobial Peptides -- 4.2.1 Antimicrobial Peptides -- 4.2.2 Antifungal Peptides -- 4.3 ACTH/CRF Peptides -- 4.4 Angiotensin I I Analogues and Non-peptide Angiotensin I1 Receptor Ligands -- 4.5 Bombesin/Neuromedin Analogues -- 4.6 Bradykinin Analogues -- 4.7 Cholecy stokinin Analogues -- 4.8 Complement-related Peptide/Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.9 Endothelin Analogues -- 4.10 Growth Hormone-releasing Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.1 1 Integrin-related Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.12 LHRH Analogues -- 4.13 α-MSH Analogues -- 4.14 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Analogues -- 4.15 Neurotensin Analogues -- 4.16 Opioid (Enkephalin, β-Casomorphin, Morphiceptin, Deltorphin and Dynorphin) Peptides -- 4.17 Somatostatin Analogues -- 4.18 Tachykinin (Substance P and Neurokinins) Analogues -- 4.19 Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Analogues. , 4.20 Vasopressin and Oxytocin Analogues -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Calpain Inhibitors -- 5.2 Caspase Inhibitors -- 5.3 Cathepsin Inhibitors -- 5.4 Cytome,galovirus Protease Inhibitors -- 5.5 Converting Enzyme [Angiotensin (ACE), Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP), Endothelin (ECE) and Interleukin-1 p (ICE)] Inhibitors -- 5.5.1 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitors -- 5.5.2 Endothelin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.5.3 Interleukin 1 β Converting Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.6 Elastase Inhibitors -- 5.7 Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors -- 5.8 HIV Protease Inhibitors -- 5.9 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors -- 5.10 Phosphate Inhibitors (Ser/Thr or Tyr) -- 5.11 Renin Inhibitors -- 5.12 Thrombin Inhibitors (Serine Protease) -- 5.13 Miscellaneous [p60c-src Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Serine Proteases (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin), Papain and Prolyl Endopeptidase] Inhibitors -- 6 Phage Library Leads -- 6.1 Erythropoietin and Thrombopoietin Mimetics -- 6.2 Angiogenin and Interleukin Antagonists and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ligands -- 6.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors [Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator and Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Inhibitors, Protein Tyrosine Kinase Substrates and Inhibitors and Calmodulin Kinase Inhibitors] -- 6.4 Protein-Protein tnteraction Inhibitors [Vinculin Binding Peptides and mdm2 Binding Peptides] -- 6.5 Brain and Tumour Targeting of Peptides -- 6.6 Epitope Mapping [Human Galactin-3 Epitopes and Antigenic Epitopes of Streptokinase] -- 6.7 Ion Channel Receptor Binding Peptides -- 6.8 NMR Studies of Phage Peptides -- 7 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors -- 7.1 Inhibitors of Fas and FAP-1 Interaction -- 7.2 Inhibitors of Bcl2-Bax (and Other Members of this Family) Interaction -- 7.3 SH2 Domain Ligands -- 7.4 CD4 Interaction Inhibitors -- 8 Advances in Formulation/Delivery Technology. , 9 Other Peptides (from Insects, Molluscs etc.) -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- 2.3 Cyclotripeptides -- 2.4 Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapeptides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides -- 2.8 Cyclooctapeptides -- 2.9 Cyclononapeptides -- 2.10 Cyclodecapeptides -- 2.11 Cycloundecapeptides -- 2.12 Cyclododecapeptides -- 2.13 Peptides Containing Thiazole/Oxazole Rings -- 2.14 Cyclodepsipeptides -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phophopeptides -- 3.2 Glycopep tide Antibiotics -- 3.3 Glycopeptides -- 3.3.1 0-Glycopeptides -- 3.3.2 N-Glycopeptides -- 3.3.3 Other Linked Sugars -- 3.4 Lipopeptides -- 4 Miscellaneous Structures -- References -- Chapter 5 P-Lactan Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosynthesis -- 2.1 Early Stages of Penicillin and Cephalosporin Biosynthesis and ACV Synthetase -- 2.2 Isopenicillin N Synthase (IPNS) -- 2.3 Cephalosporin Biosynthesis -- 2.4 Penicillin Acylases -- 2.5 Cephalosporin Acylases/Acyl transferases and Acetylases -- 2.6 Clavam Biosynthesis -- 2.7 Carbapenem Biosynthesis -- 3 β-Lactamases and Related Enzymes -- 4 Penicillins and Cephalosporins -- 5 Carbacephems -- 6 Penems -- 7 Clavams and Oxacephems -- 8 Trinems and Related Compounds -- 9 Carbapenems -- 10 Azetidinones -- 10.1 Synthesis of Azetidinones -- 10.2 N-Chemistry -- 10.3 C-3, C-3΄ and C-4, C-4́ Chemistry -- 10.4 Other Chemistry -- 10.5 Further Uses of Azetidinones and New Applications -- 11 Related Systems -- 12 Major Structural Variants -- 13 Appendix A: Review Articles -- 14 Appendix B: Additional Articles -- References.

Note: AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.1 Isolation of Amino Acids from Natural Sources -- 3.2 Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- 3.3 New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.4 New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- 4.1 General Methods for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- 4.2 Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- 4.3 Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and other Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acids -- 4.4 Synthesis of α-Alkyl Analogues of Protein Amino Acids -- 4.5 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Alkyl Side-Chains, and Cyclic Analogues -- 4.6 Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- 4.7 Synthesis of α-Alkoxy α-Amino Acids and Analogous α-Hetero-atom Substituted α-Amino Acids -- 4.8 Synthesis of α-(ω-Halogenoalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- 4.9 Synthesis of α-(ω-Halogenoalkyl)-α-Amino Acids -- 4.10 Synthesis of N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- 4.11 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Unsaturated Aliphatic Side-Chains -- 4.12 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Groupings in Side-Chains -- 4.13 Synthesis of α-(N-Hydroxyamino) Acids -- 4.14 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying α-(ω-Aminoalkyl) Groups, and Related Nitrogen Functional Groups, in Side-Chains -- 4.15 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Sulfur- or Selenium-Containing Side-Chains -- 4.16 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups in Side-Chains, and α-Amino Phosphonic Acids -- 4.17 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Boron Functional Groups in Side-Chains, and α-Amino Boronic Acids -- 4.18 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Silicon Functional Groups in Side-Chains -- 4.19 Synthesis of Isotopically Labelled α-Amino Acids. , 4.20 Synthesis of β-Amino Acids and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 4.21 Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.1 X-Ray Crystal Analysis of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives -- 5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 5.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Other Spectroscopic Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6 Physico-Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.7 Molecular Orbital Calculations for Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 6.1 Racemization -- 6.2 General Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.3 Specific Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.4 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3 Ion-Exchange Chromatography -- 7.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 7.5 High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 7.6 Fluorimetric Analysis -- 7.7 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis, and Other Analytical Methods -- 7.8 Assays for Specific Amino Acids -- References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxyl-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation -- 2.6 Solid-phase Peptide Synthesis -- 2.7 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semi-synthesis -- 2.8 Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Appendix: A List of Syntheses Reported in 1995 -- 3.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins, and Partial Sequences -- 3.2 Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- 3.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 3.4 Conformation of Synthetic Peptides -- 3.5 Glycopeptides -- 3.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- 3.7 Immunogenic Peptides -- 3.8 Nucleopeptides -- 3.9 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 3.10 Purification Methods -- References. , Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide-backbone Modifications -- 2.1 ψ[NHCO]-Retro-inversoA nalogues -- 2.2 ψ[CH2NH]-Aminomethylenaen and ψ[CH2O]-Ether Analogues -- 2.3 ψ[CH=CH] Isosteres and Related Analogues -- 2.4 Phosphorus Containing Peptide Bond Isosteres -- 2.5 Sulfur Containing Peptide Bond Isosteres -- 2.6 Aldehyde and Ketone Containing Isosteres -- 2.7 α,α-Dialkylated Glycine Analogues -- 2.8 Dehydroamino Acid Analogues -- 2.9 Miscellaneous -- 3 Conformationally Restricted Cyclic and Bridged Analogues -- 3.1 Rings and Bridges Formed via Amide Bonds -- 3.2 Bridges Formed by Disulfide Bonds -- 3.3 Helices and Helix Inducers -- 3.4 β-Turn Mimetics and Miscellaneous Bridges -- 4 Amino Acids with Modified Side-chains, including Sidechain to Backbone Cyclisations -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Renin Inhibitors -- 5.2 HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors -- 5.3 Inhibitors of Other Protease Enzymes -- 5.3.1 Serine Protease Inhibitors -- 5.3.2 Cysteine Protease Inhibitors -- 5.3.3 Metallo protease Inhibitors -- 5.4 RGD Containing Peptides -- 5.5 Miscellaneous Enzyme Inhibitors -- 6 Side Chain Interactions Studied by Residue Substitution or Deletion and Similar Modifications -- 6.1 Peptides with Opioid Characteristics -- 6.2 Neuropeptide Analogues -- 6.3 Angiotensin Analogues -- 6.4 Oxytocin and Vasopressin Analogues -- 6.5 Thrombin Binding Peptides -- 6.6 Tachykinin Analogues -- 6.7 Somatostatin Analogues -- 6.8 Bradikinin Analogues -- 6.9 Miscellaneous Examples -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- 2.3 Cyclotripeptides -- 2.4 Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapeptides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides. , 2.8 Cyclooctapeptides -- 2.9 Cyclononapeptides and Cyclodecapeptides -- 2.10 Cyclododeca- and Cyclotetradecapeptides -- 2.11 Higher Cyclic Peptides -- 2.12 Peptides Containing Thiazole/Oxazole Rings -- 2.13 Cyclodepsipeptides -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phosphopeptides -- 3.2 G1 ycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.3 Glycopeptides -- 3.4 Lipopeptides -- 3.5 Miscellaneous Conjugates -- 4 Miscellaneous Structures -- References -- Chapter 5 β-Lactam Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Natural Products -- 3 Biosynthesis -- 3.1 Penicillin and Cephalosporin Biosynthesis -- 3.1.1 Early Stages -- 3.1.2 ACV Synthetase and Related Enzymes -- 3.1.3 Isopenicillin N Synthase -- 3.1.4 Cephalosporin Biosynthesis -- 3.1.5 Penicillin Acylases -- 3.1.6 Cephalosporin Acylases/Acyltransferases -- 3.2 Clavam Biosynthesis -- 3.3 Carbapenem Biosynthesis -- 3.4 Regulatory and Related Studies -- 4 Penicillins and Cephalosporins -- 5 Carbacephems -- 6 Penems -- 7 Carbapenems, Carbapenams, Carbacephems and Related Systems -- 8 Azetidinones -- 8.1 Synthesis of Azetidinones -- 8.2 Chemistry of Azetidinones -- 8.2.1 N-Chemistry -- 8.2.2 C-2 and C-2' Chemistry -- 8.2.3 C-3 and C-3' Chemistry -- 8.2.4 C-4 and C-4' Chemistry -- 8.2.5 Miscellaneous Reactions of Azetidinones -- 8.3 Further Use of Azetidinones -- 9 Major Structural Variants -- 10 Mechanistic Studies -- 11 New Applications -- Appendix A: Review Articles -- Appendix B: Additional Articles -- References -- Chapter 6 Current Trends in Protein Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Protein Folding -- 2.1 New Methods -- 2.2 Protein Folding and Disease -- 2.3 Chaperons -- 2.4 Protein Sequence Motifs and Comparisons -- 3 Proteins that Bind RNA -- 3.1 RNP Domain -- 3.2 Double Stranded RNA Binding Domain -- 3.3 KH Domain -- 3.4 Sm Protein Motif -- 3.5 TRAP Protein -- 3.6 RNA/Protein Complexes -- 4 DNA Binding Proteins. , 4.1 Homeodomain Proteins -- 4.2 Retroviral Integrases -- 4.3 Rel Transcription Factors -- 4.4 BamHI Endonuclease/DNA Complex -- 4.5 Other Protein/DNA complexes -- 4.5.1 ETSI, DNA Binding Domain/DNA Complex -- 4.5.2 Gp32 (Bacteriophage T4)/DNA Complex -- 4.5.3 Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor, HMG Domain, DNA Complex -- 4.5.4 γδ Resolvase/DNA Complex -- 4.5.5 9-cis-Retinoic Acid Receptor α, DNA Binding Domain/Thyroid Hormone Receptor, DNA Binding Domain/DNA Thyroid-response Element Complex -- 4.5.6 Serum Response Factor Core Domain/DNA Complex -- 4.5.7 SRY Protein, DNA Binding Domain/DNA Complex -- 4.5.8 TF1lB/TATA Box Binding Protein/TATA Element Ternary Complex -- 4.6 Exonuclease III -- 4.7 Gal6 Bleomycin Hydrolase -- 5 Metalloenzymes -- 5.1 Heme Protein-Cytochrome cd1 -- 5.2 Chloroperoxidase -- 5.3 Haemopexin -- 5.4 Dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-Dioxygenase -- 5.5 Sulfite Reductase -- 5.6 Purple Acid Phosphatase -- 5.7 Nickel-containing Enzymes -- 5.7.1 Nickel-Iron Dehydrogenase -- 5.7.2 Urease -- 5.8 Zinc-containing Enzymes -- 5.8.1 Phosphotriesterase -- 5.8.2 RING-Finger -- 5.8.3 Collagenase -- 5.9 Tungsten-containing Protein -- 5.9.1 Aldehyde Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase -- 5.10 Molybdenum-containing Protein -- 5.10.1 Aldehyde Oxidoreductase -- 5.11 Copper-containing Proteins -- 5.11.1 Nitrite Reductase -- 5.11.2 Amine Oxidase -- 5.12 Manganese-containing Proteins -- 5.12.1 Isopenicillin N-Synthase -- 6 Other Protein Structures -- 6.1 Enolase -- 6.2 Cholesterol Esterase -- 6.3 Estrogenic 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase -- 6.4 Enoyl Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase -- 6.5 Pyruvate Kinase -- 6.6 Glucosamine 6-Phosphate Deaminase -- 6.7 Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase -- 6.8 Bacterial Sialidase -- 6.9 Influenza Virus Neuraminidase -- 6.10 Glycosyl Hydrolases -- 6.11 Proteins that Bind Co-enzyme A -- 6.12 14-3-3 Proteins -- 6.13 D-Amino Acid Aminotransferase. , 6.14 Aspartylglucosaminidase.

Note: Amino acids, peptides and proteins -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxy-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation -- 2.6 Peptide Synthesis on Macromolecular Supports and Methods of Combinatorial Synthesis -- 2.7 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semisynthesis -- 2.8 Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Appendix: A List of Syntheses in 2001 -- 3.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins and Partial Sequences -- 3.2 Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- 3.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 3.4 Conformations of Synthetic Peptides -- 3.5 Glycopeptides -- 3.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- 3.7 Immunogenic Peptides -- 3.8 Nucleopeptides -- 3.9 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 3.10 Purification Methods -- References -- Chapter 2 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptides, Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide Backbone Modifications and Peptide Mimetics -- 2.1 Aza, Oxazole, Oxazolidine and Tetrazole Peptides -- 2.2 ψ[CH2CH2], ψ[Z-CF = CH], retro-ψ[NHCH(CF3)], ψ[epoxy], ψ[CONHNR], ψ[CSNH], ψ[oxetane], ψ[CH2NH] ψ[CHOH-cyclopropyl-CONH], ψ[PO2RCH] -- 2.3 Rigid Amino Acid, Peptide and Turn Mimetics -- 3 Cyclic Peptides -- 4 Biologically Active Peptides -- 4.1 Peptides Involved in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.2 Antimicrobial Peptides -- 4.3 ACTH Peptides -- 4.4 Angiotensin II Analogues and Non-peptide Angiotensin II Receptor Ligands -- 4.5 Bombesin/Neuromedin Analogues -- 4.6 Bradykinin Analogues -- 4.7 Cholecystokinin Analogues, Growth Hormone-releasing Peptide and Analogues -- 4.8 Integrin-related Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.9 LHRH and GnRH Analogues -- 4.10 α-MSH Analogues -- 4.11 MHC Class I and II Analogues -- 4.12 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Analogues. , 4.13 Opioid (Neuropeptide FF, Enkephalin, Nociceptin, Deltorphin and Dynorphin) Peptides -- 4.14 Somatostatin Analogues -- 4.15 Tachykinin (Substance P and Neurokinins) Analogues -- 4.16 Vasopressin and Oxytocin Analogues -- 4.17 Insulin and Chemokines -- 4.18 Peptide Toxins -- 4.19 Miscellaneous -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Aminopeptidase and Deformylase Inhibitors -- 5.2 Calpain Inhibitors -- 5.3 Carboxypeptidase Inhibitors -- 5.4 Caspase Inhibitors -- 5.5 Cathepsin and Other Cysteine Protease Inhibitors -- 5.6 Cytomegalovirus and Rhinovirus 3C Protease Inhibitors -- 5.7 Converting Enzymes and Their Inhibitors -- 5.8 Elastase Inhibitors -- 5.9 Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors -- 5.10 HIV-Protease Inhibitors -- 5.11 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors -- 5.12 NO-Synthase Inhibitors -- 5.13 Proteasome Inhibitors -- 5.14 Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors -- 5.15 Renin and Other Aspartyl Proteinase Inhibitors -- 5.16 Thrombin and Factor-Xa Inhibitors -- 5.17 Tyrpsin and Other Serine Protease Inhibitors -- 5.18 tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors -- 5.19 Miscellaneous -- 6 Phage Library Leads -- 7 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors -- 7.1 SH2 and SH3 Domain Ligands -- 8 Advances in Formulation/Delivery Technology -- References -- Chapter 3 Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Cyclic Dipeptides (Including Dioxopiperazines) -- 2.3 Cyclotripeptides -- 2.4 Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapeptides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides -- 2.8 Cyclooctapeptides/Cyclononapeptides -- 2.9 Cyclodecapeptides and Higher Cyclic Peptides -- 2.10 Peptides Containing Thiazole/Oxazole Rings -- 2.11 Cyclodepsipeptides -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phosphopeptides -- 3.2 Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.3 Glycopeptides -- 3.4 Lipopeptides -- 4 Miscellaneous Structures. , 5 References -- Chapter 4 Proteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of This Chapter -- 2.1 Cross-referencing in This Chapter -- 3 Textbooks and Monographs -- 3.1 Literature Searching in Protein Science -- 3.2 Protein Nomenclature -- 4 Structure Determination of Proteins -- 4.1 Proteomics and Genomics -- 4.2 Mass Spectrometry -- 4.3 NMR Spectroscopy -- 4.4 Structures of Proteins Determined using Physical Methods in Combination with Structural Derivatization -- 4.5 Molecular Modelling -- 4.6 Other Structural Features Established for Proteins by Physical Methods: Crosslinks -- 4.7 X-Ray Crystallographic Studies of Proteins -- 4.8 Structural Information for Proteins from Other Physical Techniques -- 4.9 Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy -- 5 Folding and Conformational Studies -- 5.1 Background to Protein Folding Studies -- 5.2 Effects of Metal Complexation on Protein Structure -- 5.3 Membrane Proteins and Channel Proteins -- 5.4 Prion Proteins -- 5.5 Rare Folding Motifs within Proteins -- 6 Adhesion and Binding Studies -- 6.1 Textbooks and Monographs -- 6.2 General Results -- 6.3 New Results from Binding Studies -- 6.4 Protein-Protein Interactions Involving Chaperones -- 6.5 Proteins Complexed with Non-protein Species -- 7 Enzyme Studies -- 7.1 Textbooks and Monographs -- 7.2 Mechanistic Studies -- 8 Proteins as Enzyme Inhibitors -- 9 Enzyme Inhibition by Non-protein Species -- 10 Other Biological Functions for Proteins -- 11 Other Protein Studies -- 11.1 Assisted Biosynthesis of Proteins -- 11.2 Disulfide Interchange -- 12 Other Protein Properties -- References.

Note: Amino acids, peptides and proteins -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.1 Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- 3.2 New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.3 New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- 4.1 General Methods for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acids, Including Enantioselective Synthesis -- 4.1.1 Amination of Alkanoic Acid Derivatives by Amines and Amine-related Reagents -- 4.1.2 Carboxylation of Alkylamines and Imines, and Related Methods -- 4.1.3 Use of Chiral Synthons in Amino Acid Synthesis -- 4.1.4 Use of Rearrangements Generating a Carbon-Nitrogen Bond -- 4.1.5 Other Rearrangements -- 4.1.6 Amidocarbonylation and Related Multicomponent Processes -- 4.1.7 From Glycine Derivatives and Imines of Glyoxylic Acid Derivatives -- 4.1.8 From Dehydro-amino Acid Derivatives -- 4.2 Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Well-known Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 4.3 Synthesis of α-Alkyl α-Amino Acids -- 4.4 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Alkyl Side Chains, and Cyclic Analogues -- 4.5 Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- 4.6 Synthesis of α-(ω-Halogeno-alkyl) α-Amino Acids -- 4.7 Synthesis of α-(ω-Hydroxyalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- 4.8 Synthesis of N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- 4.9 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Unsaturated Aliphatic Side Chains -- 4.10 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Couplings in the Side Chain -- 4.11 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Amino Groups, and Related Nitrogen Functional Groups, in Aliphatic Side Chains -- 4.12 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Boron Functional Groups in Side Chains -- 4.13 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Silicon Functional Groups in Side Chains. , 4.14 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups in Side Chains -- 4.15 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Sulfur-, Selenium-, or Tellurium-containing Side Chains -- 4.16 Synthesis of β-Amino Acids and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 4.17 Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.1 X-Ray Crystal Analysis of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives -- 5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- 5.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Other Spectroscopic Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6.1 Measurements for Amino Acid Solutions -- 5.6.2 Measurements for Solid Amino Acids -- 5.6.3 Amino Acid Adsorption and Transport Phenomena -- 5.6.4 Host-Guest Studies with Amino Acids -- 5.6.5 Gas Phase Measurements -- 5.7 Molecular Orbital Calculations for Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 6.1 Racemization -- 6.2 General Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.2.1 Thermal Stability of Amino Acids -- 6.2.2 Reactions at the Amino Group -- 6.2.3 Reactions at the Carboxy Group -- 6.2.4 Reactions at Both Amino and Carboxy Groups -- 6.2.5 Reactions at the α-Carbon Atom of α- and β-Amino Acids -- 6.3 Specific Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.4 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3 Ion-exchange Chromatography -- 7.4 Thin-layer Chromatography -- 7.5 High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 7.6 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) and Related Analytical Methods -- 7.7 Assays for Specific Amino Acids -- 8 References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxy-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation. , 2.6 Peptide Synthesis on Macromolecular Supports and Methods of Combinatorial Synthesis -- 2.7 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semisynthesis -- 2.8 Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Appendix: A List of Syntheses in 2000 -- 3.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins and Partial Sequences -- 3.2 Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- 3.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 3.4 Conformations of Synthetic Peptides -- 3.5 Glycopeptides -- 3.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- 3.7 Immunogenic Peptides -- 3.8 Nucleopeptides, PNAs -- 3.9 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 3.10 Purification Methods -- 4 References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptides, Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide Backbone Modifications and Peptide Mimetics -- 2.1 Aza, Oxazole, Oxadiazole, Triazole and Tetrazole Peptides -- 2.2 Ψ[E-CH=CH], Ψ[CON−N+R1R2], Ψ[dihydroxyethylene], Ψ[hydroxyethylene], Ψ[CHOH-cyclopropyl-CONH], Ψ[CH2O], Ψ[CF=C], Ψ[NHCH(CF3)], Ψ[CH2N(COR)], Ψ[NHCO] and Ψ[SO2NH] -- 2.3 Rigid Amino Acid, Peptide and Turn Mimetics -- 3 Cyclic Peptides -- 4 Biologically Active Peptides -- 4.1 Peptides Involved in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.2 Antimicrobial Peptides -- 4.2.1 Antibacterial Peptides -- 4.2.2 Antifungal Peptides -- 4.3 ACTH Peptides -- 4.4 Angiotensin II Analogues and Non-peptide Angiotensin II Receptor Ligands -- 4.5 Bombesin/Neuromedin Analogues -- 4.6 Bradykinin Analogues -- 4.7 Cholecystokinin Analogues, Growth Hormone-releasing Peptide and Analogues -- 4.8 Integrin-related Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.8.1 IIb/IIIa Antagonists -- 4.8.2 αvβ3 Antagonists -- 4.8.3 α4β1 and α5B1 Antagonists -- 4.9 LHRH and GnRH Analogues -- 4.10 α-MSH Analogues -- 4.11 MHC Class I and II Analogues -- 4.12 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Analogues. , 4.13 Opioid (Neuropeptide FF, Enkephalin, Nociceptin, Deltorphin and Dynorphin) Peptides -- 4.14 Somatostatin Analogues -- 4.15 Tachykinin (Substance P and Neurokinins) Analogues -- 4.16 Vasopressin and Oxytocin Analogues -- 4.16.1 Oxytocin -- 4.16.2 Vasopressin -- 4.17 Insulin and Chemokines -- 4.17.1 Insulins -- 4.17.2 Chemokines -- 4.18 Miscellaneous -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Aminopeptidase Inhibitors -- 5.2 Calpain Inhibitors -- 5.3 Caspase Inhibitors -- 5.4 Cathepsin Inhibitors -- 5.5 Cytomegalovirus and Rhinovirus 3C Protease Inhibitors -- 5.6 Converting Enzymes and Their Inhibitors -- 5.6.1 ACE and Related Enzymes -- 5.6.2 Endothelin Converting Enzyme -- 5.7 Elastase Inhibitors -- 5.8 Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors -- 5.9 HIV Protease Inhibitors -- 5.10 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors -- 5.11 Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors -- 5.12 Renin and Other Aspartyl Proteinase Inhibitors -- 5.13 Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors -- 5.14 Proteinase-activated Receptors -- 5.15 Miscellaneous -- 6 Phage Library Leads -- 7 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors -- 7.1 SH2 and SH3 Domain Ligands -- 8 References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Cyclic Dipeptides (Dioxopiperazines) -- 2.3 Cyclotripeptides -- 2.4 Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapeptides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides -- 2.8 Cyclooctapeptides/Cyclononapeptides -- 2.9 Cyclodecapeptides and Higher Cyclic Peptides -- 2.10 Peptides Containing Thiazole/Oxazole Rings -- 2.11 Cyclodepsipeptides -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phosphopeptides -- 3.2 Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.3 Glycopeptides -- 3.3.1 O-Glycopeptides -- 3.3.2 N-Glycopeptides -- 3.3.3 C-Linked and Other Linked Glycopeptides -- 3.4 Lipopeptides -- 4 Miscellaneous Structures -- 5 References. , Chapter 5 Metal Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.1 Synthesis and Structural Studies -- 2.2 Solution Equilibria -- 2.3 Kinetic Studies -- 2.4 Synthetic, Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Amino Acid Complexes -- 3 Peptide Complexes -- 3.1 Synthesis and Structural Studies on Peptide Complexes -- 3.2 Solution Equilibria - Speciation in Metal Ion-Peptide Systems -- 3.3 Kinetics and Reactivity -- 3.4 Synthetic, Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Peptide Complexes -- 4 References -- Chapter 6 Proteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of This Chapter -- 2.1 Cross-referencing in This Chapter -- 3 Textbooks and Monographs -- 3.1 Literature Searching in Protein Science -- 3.2 Protein Nomenclature -- 4 Structure Determination of Proteins -- 4.1 Proteomics and Genomics -- 4.2 Mass Spectrometry -- 4.3 Three-dimensional Structures of Proteins Determined Using Physical Methods in Combination with Structural Derivatization -- 4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) -- 4.5 X-Ray Crystallographic Studies -- 5 Folding and Conformational Studies -- 5.1 Background to Protein Folding Studies -- 5.2 Mechanics of Protein Folding -- 5.3 Misfolding and Unfolding of Proteins -- 6 Protein-Metal Complexes -- 6.1 Effects of Metal Complexation on Protein Structure -- 6.2 Membrane Proteins -- 6.3 Prion Proteins -- 6.4 Surface Proteins -- 6.5 Rare Folding Motifs within Proteins -- 6.5.1 π-Helix -- 6.5.2 β-Roll -- 6.5.3 The β-Helix and Stacked Parallel β-Sheets as Constituents of Antifreeze Proteins -- 6.5.4 Knots -- 6.5.5 Other Unusual Folds in Proteins -- 7 Adhesion and Binding Studies -- 7.1 Textbooks and Monographs -- 7.2 New Results from Binding Studies -- 7.2.1 Reversible Dimerization -- 7.3 Protein-Protein Interactions Involving Chaperones -- 7.4 Metallochaperones -- 7.4.1 Case Studies in Chaperones. , 7.5 Proteins Complexed with Non-protein Species.

Note: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins -- Contents -- Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reviews -- 3 Naturally-Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.1 New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- 4.1 General Methods for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acids, including Enantioselective Synthesis -- 4.2 Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 4.3 Synthesis of α-Alkyl α-Amino Acids -- 4.4 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Alicyclic and Long Aliphatic Side Chains -- 4.5 Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- 4.6 Synthesis of Halogenoalkyl α-Amino Acids -- 4.7 Synthesis of Hydroxyalkyl α-Amino Acids -- 4.8 Synthesis of N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- 4.9 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids carrying Unsaturated Aliphatic Side Chains -- 4.10 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Aromatic or Heterocyclic Side-Chains -- 4.11 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids carrying Amino Groups and related Nitrogen Functional Groups in Aliphatic Side Chains -- 4.12 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Side-Chains carrying Boron Functional Groups -- 4.13 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Side Chains carrying Silicon Functional Groups -- 4.14 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Side Chains carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups -- 4.15 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids carrying Sulfur and Selenium containing Side Chains -- 4.16 Synthesis of β-Amino Acids with Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 4.17 Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.1 X-ray Crystal Analysis of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives -- 5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 5.3 Circular Dichroism -- 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Other Spectroscopic Studies on Amino Acids -- 5.6 Measurements on Amino Acids in Solution -- 5.7 Measurements on Amino Acids in the Solid State -- 5.8 Amino Acids Adsorption and Transport Phenomena. , 5.9 Host-Guest Studies with Amino Acids -- 5.10 Theoretical Calculations involving Amino Acids -- 6 Reactions and Analysis of Amino Acids -- 6.1 General and Specific Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.2 Analysis of Amino Acids -- References -- Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxy-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation -- 2.6 Peptide Synthesis on Macromolecular Supports and Methods of Combinatorial Synthesis -- 2.7 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semi-synthesis -- 2.8 Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Appendix: A List of Syntheses in 2002 -- 3.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins and Partial Sequences -- 3.2 Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- 3.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 3.4 Conformations of Synthetic Peptides -- 3.5 Glycopeptides -- 3.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- 3.7 Immunogenic and Immunosuppressant Peptides -- 3.8 Nucleopeptides, PNAs -- 3.9 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 3.10 Purification Methods -- References -- Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptides, Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide Backbone Modifications and Peptide Mimetics -- 2.1 Aza, Oxazole, Oxazoline, Triazole, Triazine and Tetrazole Peptides -- 2.2 Ψ[CH=CH], Ψ[Z-CF=CH], Ψ[CH(OH)-CH2], Ψ[CH(OH)-CH2-NH], retro- and retro-inverso- Ψ[NHCH(CF3)], Ψ[CH2O], retro-Ψ[CONR], Ψ[CO-N(NPht)], Ψ[O-CO-N], Ψ[CO-NR-O], Ψ[CH2NH], Ψ[CO-CH2-cyclopropyl-NH], Ψ[PO2R-N], Ψ[PO2R], Ψ[NHCO] -- 2.3 Rigid Amino Acid, Peptide and Turn Mimetics -- 3 Cyclic Peptides -- 4 Biologically Active Peptides -- 4.1 Peptides Involved in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.2 Antimicrobial Peptides -- 4.3 ACTH peptides -- 4.4 Angiotensin II Analogues and Non-peptide Angiotensin II Receptor Ligands. , 4.5 Bombesin/Neuromedin Analogues -- 4.6 Bradykinin Analogues -- 4.7 Cholecystokinin Analogues, Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide and Analogues -- 4.8 Integrin-related Peptide and Non-Peptide Analogues -- 4.9 LHRH and GnRH Analogues -- 4.10 α-MSH Analogues -- 4.11 MHC Class I and II Analogues -- 4.12 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Analogues -- 4.13 Opioid (Neuropeptide FF, Enkephalin, Nociceptin, Deltorphin and Dynorphin) Peptides -- 4.14 Somatostatin Analogues -- 4.15 Tachykinin (Substance P and Neurokinin) Analogues -- 4.16 Vasopressin and Oxytocin Analogues -- 4.17 Insulins and Chemokines -- 4.18 Peptide Toxins -- 4.19 Miscellaneous -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Aminopeptidase and Deformylase Inhibitors -- 5.2 Calpain Inhibitors -- 5.3 Carboxypeptidase Inhibitors -- 5.4 Caspase Inhibitors -- 5.5 Cathepsin and Other Cystein Protease Inhibitors -- 5.6 Cytomegalovirus and Rhinovirus 3C Protease Inhibitors -- 5.7 Converting Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.8 Elastase Inhibitors -- 5.9 Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors -- 5.10 HIV-Protease Inhibitors -- 5.11 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors -- 5.12 NO-synthase Inhibitors -- 5.13 Proteasome Inhibitors -- 5.14 Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors -- 5.15 Renin and Other Aspartyl Proteinase Inhibitors -- 5.16 Thrombin and Factor-Xa Inhibitors -- 5.17 Trypsin and Other Serine Protease Inhibitors -- 5.18 tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors -- 5.19 Miscellaneous -- 6 Phage Library Leads -- 7 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors -- 7.1 SH2 and SH3 Domain Ligands -- 8 Advances in Formulation/Delivery Technology -- References -- Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Cyclic Dipeptides (Dioxo- or Diketo-piperazines) -- 2.3 Cyclotripeptides -- 2.4 Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapeptides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides -- 2.8 Cyclooctapeptides. , 2.9 Cyclononapeptides -- 2.10 Cyclodecapeptides -- 2.11 Higher Cyclic Peptides -- 2.12 Peptides containing Thiazole/Oxazole Rings -- 2.13 Cyclodepsipeptides -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phosphopeptides -- 3.2 O-Sulfated Peptides -- 3.3 Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.4 Glycopeptides -- 3.5 Lipopeptides -- 4 Miscellaneous Structures -- References -- Metal Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.1 Synthesis and Structural Studies -- 2.2 Solution Studies -- 2.3 Kinetic Studies -- 2.4 Synthetic, Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Amino Acid Complexes -- 3 Peptide Complexes -- 3.1 Synthesis and Structural Studies on Peptide Complexes -- 3.2 Kinetics and Reactivity -- 3.3 Solution Equilibria-Metal Ion Speciation of Peptide Complexes -- 3.4 Metal Complexes of Peptides Containing Histidyl and Cysteinyl Residues -- 3.5 Synthetic, Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Peptide Complexes -- References.