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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple technique for viewing cultured cells from the side by light microscopy (1988)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 11 (1988), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: light microscopy ; cell profile ; flexible substrate ; Formvar ; Teflon ; polycarbonate membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cultured cells are grown on flexible plastic substrates (e.g., Formvar, polycarbonate, Teflon) which can be folded to form a cell-lined edge. Once folded, the substrate is incubated in growth medium within a simple viewing chamber constructed from a glass slide and a cover slip. By examining the folded edge with a light microscope, one can image, with good resolution, large numbers of cell profiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01407312
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new model of reticulopodial motility and shape: Evidence for a microtubule-based motor and an actin skeleton (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 6 (1986), S. 2-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Allogromia ; reticulopods ; cytoskeleton ; microtubules ; actin ; saltatory transport ; cell shape ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoskeletal inhibitors were used as probes to test the involvement of microtubules and actin microfilaments in the development, motility, and shape maintenance of the pseudopodial networks (i e, reticulopodia) of the foraminifers Allogromia sp strain NF and Allogromia laticcllaris. Agents that disassemble cytoplasmic microtubules (cold, colchicine, and nocodazole) arrest all movement but have variable effects on reticulopodial shape. Electron microscopy reveals a granulofibrillar matrix but few, if any, microtubules in these motility-arrested reticulopods. Allogromiids treated with cytochalasin B or D lose substrate adhesion and undergo dramatic changes in shape and motile behavior, highlighted by the coalescence of reticulopodial cytoplasm into irregularly shaped bodies with chaotic motility. Serial semithick sections of such preparations, viewed by high-voltage electron microscopy, document a striking rearrangement of microtubules within these cytochalasin-induced bodies. All aspects of cytochalasin-altered motility are completely inhibited by colchicine. Actin is present in reticulopodia, as determined by staining with rhodamine-phalloidin; this staining is not observed in cytochalasin-treated organisms. These data provide compelling evidence that microtubules are required for reticulopodial motility. An actin-based cytoskeleton is thought to play a role in maintaining shape, mediating pseudopod/substrate adhesion, and coordinating the various microtubule-dependent processes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970060103
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubule-dependent reticulopodial motility: Is there a role for actin? (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 6 (1986), S. 146-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Allogromia ; microtubules ; microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2) ; actin ; cyanideinsensitive respiration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We summarize our recent immunocytochemical characterization of the reticulopodial cytoskeleton of two allogromiid foraminifers and our pharmacologic dissection of its motility. The reticulopodial microtubule cytoskeleton stained with an antiserum to brain microtubule-associated protein 2. Polymeric actin was localized in the reticulopodia by rhodamine-phalloidin staining. Microtubule inhibitors reversibly inhibited all aspects of motility; cytochalasins induced altered morphology and disorganization of motility but did not inhibit pseudopodial movements or intracellular transport. Simultaneous application of KCN and salicylhydroxamic acid (an alternative oxidase inhibitor) rapidly blocked all movement, indicating that motility is dependent on metabolic energy and that an alternative oxidative pathway functions in allogromiids. Micromanipulation and laser microsurgical experiments revealed tension throughout the reticulopodium. Our results suggest that microtubules are active components of the reticulopodial motile machinery. Actin may mediate substrate adhesion, whole-cell locomotion, pseudopodial tension, and coordination of the microtubule-based motility.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970060212
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naturally occurring tubulin-containing paracrystals in Allogromia: Immunocytochemical identification and functional significance (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 6 (1986), S. 363-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Allogromia ; cytoplasmic transport ; microtubules ; reticulopod withdrawal ; tubulin-containing paracrystal ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bundles of microtubules (MTs) are readily visualized in vivo by videomicroscopy in highly flattened reticulopodia of the foraminiferan protozoan Allogromia sp. strain NF. In this report we use videomicroscopy, immunocytochemistry, and high-voltage electron microscopy to characterize the dynamic changes that occur in this extensive MT cytoskeleton, and in the associated cytoplasmic transport, during induced withdrawal and subsequent reextension of reticulopodia. Within seconds after application of the withdrawal stimulus (seawater substitute made hypertonic with MgCl2) intracellular bidirectional transport along linear MT-containing fibrils ceases and is replaced by an inward, constant-velocity flow of cytoplasm along the fibrils. As withdrawal continues, most fibrils become wavy and coalesce to form phase-dense pools. These wavy fibrils and phase-dense pools contain a paracrystalline material and few if any MTs. Same-section correlative immunofluorescence and high-voltage electron microscopy reveal that the paracrystalline material contains tubulin. During recovery linear fibrils (MTs) rapidly extend from the phase-dense pools (paracrystals), which concurrently shrink in size, thus reestablishing normal network morphology and motility. We conclude that the MT cytoskeleton in Allogromia reticulopodia is transfonned during withdrawal into a tubulin-containing paracrystal, which serves as a temporary reservoir of MT protein and an initiation site for MT regrowth.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970060403
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical approaches to the study of foraminiferan motility (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 10 (1988), S. 126-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; Allogromia ; intracellular transport ; surface motility ; actin ; morphogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microtubules are the major cytoskeletal component of foraminiferan reticulopodia. Video-enhanced differential interference contrast light microscopy has demonstrated that the microtubules serve as the intracellular tracks along which rapid bidirectional organelle transport and cell surface motility occurs. Microtubules appear to move, both axially and laterally within the pseudopodial cytoplasm, and these microtubule translocations appear to drive the various reticulopodial movements. F-actin is localized to discrete filament plaques form at sites of pseudopod-substrate adhesion. Correlative immunofluorescence and electron microscopy reveals a structural interaction between microtubules and the actin-containing filament plaques. Our recent data on reticulopodial motility are discussed in an historical context, and a model for foram motility, based on motile microtubules, is presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970100117
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence against surf-riding as a general mechanism for surface motility (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell surface motility ; axopodia ; reticulopodia ; Allogromia ; Echinosphaerium (Actinosphaerium) nucleofilum ; surf-riding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism responsible for the energy-dependent movement of membrane components (ie, surface motility) is unknown. Recently a potentially unifying model, termed “surf-riding” [Hewitt, 1979] or “surf-boarding” [Berlin and Oliver, 1982], has been proposed to explain surface motility. Using phase-contrast light microscopy and membrane surface markers (polystyrene microspheres), we have tested the surf-riding/surf-boarding hypothesis on two protozoan systems: the axopodia of the heliozoan Echinosphaerium nucleofilum and the reticulopodial networks of the allogromiid foraminiferans Allogromia laticollaris and Allogromia sp, strain NF. Our evidence indicates that surface motility, as displayed by these organisms, does not occur by a surf-riding/surf-boarding mechanism. Previouś observations on surface motility associated with the Chlamydomonas flagellum indicate that this system is also incompatible with the surf-boarding/surf-riding hypothesis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970040502
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffuse kinetochores and holokinetic anaphase chromatin movement during mitosis in the hemipteran Agallia constricta (leafhopper) cell line AC-20 (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 15 (1990), S. 245-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: polycentric chromosome ; light microscopy ; electron microscopy ; high-pressure freezing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitosis in the hemipteran Agallia constricta (leafhopper) cell line AC-20 was examined by light microscopy of living and fixed cells. During early prometaphase the numerous small (0.30-3.0-μm) chromosomes appear as discrete units that lack a primary constriction. However, by late prometaphase the chromosomes are tightly packed at the spindle equator and are no longer clearly resolvable as individuals. When viewed from the side the metaphase chromatin appears as a 2-3-μm wide band that spans the width of the spindle; when viewed from the pole it appears as a fenestrated disk. The metaphase chromatin splits at anaphase into two sister chromatin plates, each of which exhibits holokinetic poleward movement, i.e., all parts of each plate move as a single unit with the same velocity. In many early-to-mid anaphase cells the separating sister plates are connected by chromatin-containing bridges that break as anaphase progresses. Ultrastructural analyses of serial thick and thin sections from cells fixed by conventional, OsO4/KFeCN, or high pressure rapid freezing methods, reveal that by metaphase all of the chromosomes are interconnected to form a large, irregularly shaped fenestrated disk of chromatin. Similar analyses reveal that adjacent chromatids remain interconnected throughout anaphase. Each disk of metaphase and anaphase chromatin contains numerous kinetochores recessed within its polefacing surface. Kinetochores consist of a fine, faintly staining fibrillar material arranged along the chromatin surface as thin (0.1-0.3 μm dia.) rods varying considerably (0.15-2.3 μm) in length. From these observations we conclude that the polycentric metaphase chromatin of A. constricta, and its holokinetic behavior during anaphase, arises from the aggregation or cohesion of smaller prometaphase chromosomes, each of which contains a single, diffuse kinetochore.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970150407
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