Publication Date:
2024-03-15
Description:
Extensive use of fossil fuels is leading to increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and causes changes in the carbonate chemistry of the oceans which represents a major sink for anthropogenic CO2. As a result, the oceans' surface pH is expected to decrease by ca. 0.4 units by the year 2100, a major change with potentially negative consequences for some marine species. Because of their carbonate skeleton, sea urchins and their larval stages are regarded as likely to be one of the more sensitive taxa. In order to investigate sensitivity of pre-feeding (2 days post-fertilization) and feeding (4 and 7 days post-fertilization) pluteus larvae, we raised Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos in control (pH 8.1 and pCO2 41 Pa e.g. 399 µatm) and CO2 acidified seawater with pH of 7.7 (pCO2 134 Pa e.g. 1318 µatm) and investigated growth, calcification and survival. At three time points (day 2, day 4 and day 7 post-fertilization), we measured the expression of 26 representative genes important for metabolism, calcification and ion regulation using RT-qPCR.
After one week of development, we observed a significant difference in growth. Maximum differences in size were detected at day 4 (ca. 10 % reduction in body length). A comparison of gene expression patterns using PCA and ANOSIM clearly distinguished between the different age groups (Two way ANOSIM: Global R = 1) while acidification effects were less pronounced (Global R = 0.518). Significant differences in gene expression patterns (ANOSIM R = 0.938, SIMPER: 4.3% difference) were also detected at day 4 leading to the hypothesis that differences between CO2 treatments could reflect patterns of expression seen in control experiments of a younger larva and thus a developmental artifact rather than a direct CO2 effect. We found an up regulation of metabolic genes (between 10 to 20% in ATP-synthase, citrate synthase, pyruvate kinase and thiolase at day 4) and down regulation of calcification related genes (between 23 and 36% in msp130, SM30B, SM50 at day 4). Ion regulation was mainly impacted by up regulation of Na+/K+-ATPase at day 4 (15%) and down regulation of NHE3 at day 4 (45%). We conclude that in studies in which a stressor induces an alteration in the speed of development, it is crucial to employ experimental designs with a high time resolution in order to correct for developmental artifacts. This helps prevent misinterpretation of stressor effects on organism physiology.
Keywords:
Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; BIOACID; Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Change in Anion exchanger 3, SLC4A3 expression; Change in Anion exchanger 3, SLC4A3 expression, standard deviation; Change in anion exchanger 3-like protein, SLC4A3 expression; Change in anion exchanger 3-like protein SLC4A3 expression, standard deviation; Change in ATP-synthase beta-subunit expression; Change in ATP-synthase beta-subunit expression, standard deviation; Change in beta-Actin expression; Change in beta-Actin expression, standard deviation; Change in carbonic anhydrase 15-subfamily expression; Change in carbonic anhydrase 15-subfamily expression, standard deviation; Change in carbonic anhydrase related protein expression; Change in carbonic anhydrase related protein expression, standard deviation; Change in Citrate synthase expression; Change in Citrate synthase expression, standard deviation; Change in Echinonectin expression; Change in Echinonectin expression, standard deviation; Change in FACT complex subunit SPT16 expression; Change in FACT complex subunit SPT16 expression, standard deviation; Change in Heat shock protein 70 kDa expression; Change in Heat shock protein 70 kDa expression, standard deviation; Change in Heat shock protein gp96 expression; Change in Heat shock protein gp96 expression, standard deviation; Change in Lysosomal H+ ATPase expression; Change in Lysosomal H+ ATPase expression, standard deviation; Change in Mannose-6-phosphate growth factor expression; Change in Mannose-6-phosphate growth factor expression, standard deviation; Change in Matrix-metalloproteinase 14 expression; Change in Matrix-metalloproteinase 14 expression, standard deviation; Change in Mesenchyme-msp 130 expression; Change in Mesenchyme-msp 130 expression, standard deviation; Change in Pyruvat kinase expression; Change in Pyruvat kinase expression, standard deviation; Change in Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca transporting ATPase expression; Change in Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca transporting ATPase expression, std dev; Change in Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3, SLC9A3 expression; Change in Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3, SLC9A3 expression, standard deviation; Change in Sodium/potassium ATPase alpha subunit expression; Change in Sodium/potassium ATPase alpha subunit expression, standard deviation; Change in Spicule matrix protein 30 B expression; Change in Spicule matrix protein 30 B expression, standard deviation; Change in Spicule matrix protein 30 E expression; Change in Spicule matrix protein 30 E expression, standard deviation; Change in Spicule matrix protein 50 expression; Change in Spicule matrix protein 50 expression, standard deviation; Change in TATA-box binding protein expression; Change in TATA-box binding protein expression, standard deviation; Change in Thiolase expression; Change in Thiolase expression, standard deviation; Change in Vacuolar H+ ATPase B subunit expression; Change in Vacuolar H+ ATPase B subunit expression, standard deviation; Change in Voltage gated proton channel expression; Change in Voltage gated proton channel expression, standard deviation; Coast and continental shelf; Echinodermata; EPOCA; EUR-OCEANS; European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis; European Project on Ocean Acidification; Experimental treatment; Experiment day; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Gene expression (incl. proteomics); Growth/Morphology; Laboratory experiment; Measured; Mortality/Survival; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Relative density per sample, standard deviation; Relative density per sample per individual; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; see reference(s); Single species; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, body length; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, body length, standard deviation; Temperate; Temperature, standard deviation; Temperature, water; Zooplankton
Type:
Dataset
Format:
text/tab-separated-values, 632 data points
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