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  • Alice's Constraint  (1)
  • Nature conservation--Economic aspects.  (1)
  • community ecology  (1)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cary :Oxford University Press, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Nature conservation--Economic aspects. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: As humanity presses down inexorably on the natural world, people debate the extent to which we can save the Earth's millions of different species without sacrificing human economic welfare. But is this argument wise? Must the human and natural worlds be adversaries?In this book, ecologist Michael Rosenzweig finds that ecological science actually rejects such polarization. Instead it suggests that, to be successful, conservation must discover how we can blend a rich natural world into the world of economic activity. This revolutionary, common ground betweendevelopment and conservation is called reconciliation ecology: creating and maintaining species-friendly habitats in the very places where people live, work, or play.The book offers many inspiring examples of the good results already achieved. The Nature Conservancy, for instance, has a cooperative agreement with the Department of Defense, with more than 200 conservation projects taking place on more than 170 bases in 41 states. In places such as Elgin AirForce Base, the human uses-testing munitions, profitable timbering and recreation--continue, but populations of several threatened species on the base, such as the long-leaf pine and the red-cockaded woodpecker, have been greatly improved. The Safe Harbor strategy of the Fish & Wildlife Serviceencourages private landowners to improve their property for endangered species, thus overcoming the unintended negative aspects of the Endangered Species Act. And Golden Gate Park, which began as a system of sand dunes, has become, through human effort, a world of ponds and shrubs, waterfowl andtrees.Rosenzweig shows that reconciliation ecology is the missing tool of conservation, the practical, scientifically based approach that, when added to the rest, will solve the problem of preserving Earth's species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (224 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780198035459
    DDC: 333.95/16
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preamble -- CHAPTER 1 Reconciliation Ecology -- CHAPTER 2 Landscape Architecture for the Third Millennium -- CHAPTER 3 Prometheus in the Pinelands -- CHAPTER 4 Making Money -- CHAPTER 5 Hidden Costs -- A Personal Witness -- CHAPTER 6 Hard-Core Reconciliation -- CHAPTER 7 Happy Accidents -- CHAPTER 8 The Tyranny of Space -- CHAPTER 9 Falling Down the Time Shaft: The Case of the Incredible Shrinking Planet -- CHAPTER 10 Fighting for Crumbs: The Traditional Forms of Biological Conservation -- CHAPTER 11 Extinction Happens -- CHAPTER 12 Clearing Hurdles -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- Illustration Sources -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 11 (1997), S. 733-756 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: optimal foraging ; gerbil ; competition ; predation ; mutualism ; habitat selection ; dipswitch theory ; community ecology ; isocline ; isoleg ; population dynamics ; interaction coefficient ; density dependence ; ideal free distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Optimal foraging theory has entered a new phase. It is not so much tested as used. It helps behavioural ecologists discover the nature of the information in an animal's brain. It helps population ecologists reveal coefficients of interaction and their patterns of density-dependent variation. And it helps community ecologists examine niche relationships. In our studies on two species of Negev desert gerbil, we have taken advantage of the second and third of these functions. Both these gerbils prefer semi-stabilized dune habitat, and both altered their selective use of this habitat and stabilized sand according to experimental changes we made in their populations. Their changes in selectivity agree with a type of optimal foraging theory called ‘isoleg theory’. Isoleg theories provide examples of dipswitch theories – bundles of articulated qualitative predictions – that are easier to falsify than single qualitative predictions. By linking behaviour to population dynamics through isoleg theory, we were able to use the behaviour of the gerbils to reveal the shapes of their competitive isoclines. These have the peculiar non-linear shapes predicted by optimal foraging theory. Finally, when owl predation threatens, the behaviour of Gerbillus allenbyi reveals the shape of their victim isocline. As has long been predicted by predation theory and laboratory experiments, it is unimodal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 1 (1987), S. 59-94 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Lag load ; Red Queen ; ESS ; coevolution ; evolutionary rate ; predator coevolution ; competitor coevolution ; stasis ; punctuated equilibrium ; evolutionary constraints ; White Queen's Constraint ; Alice's Constraint ; bauplan ; fitness-generating function ; versatility ; guilds ; adaptive zones ; constraint surface ; genostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Red Queen principle states that a set of interacting species reaches an evolutionary equilibrium at which all their rates of coevolution exactly balance each other. The lag-load model, which is one way of searching for Red Queens, has, by itself, previously predicted that they do not exist. But this model has assumed that infinite maladaptedness is possible. The lag-load model is improved by assuming that once the lag load of all but one species is determined, so is that of the final species. This assumption eliminates the possibility of infinite maladaptedness. Its result is to allow the lag-load model to yield Red Queen coevolution. It does this whether or not speciation and extinction rates are included. Thus the lag-load model is harmonized with the earlier Red Queen model derived from studies of predation. Because of the intercorrelation of phenotypic traits, the predatory model concluded that the eventual stable rate of coevolution must be zero (except for intermittent bursts after some correlation or compromise is successfully broken). Another model that predicts stable coevolutionary rates of zero is that of evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS). Red Queen assumes that the more extreme a phenotypic trait is, the better it is, and that there are no constraints on the growth of such a phenotypic trait value. Such traits are the key to the Red Queen prediction of progressive coevolution. ESS models make no such assumptions. Eliminating unbounded traits from the model of predator-victim evolution changed its prediction from progressive coevolution to stasis. Before this paper, no model had dealt simultaneously with both unbounded and constrained traits. To handle both sorts of phenotypic traits at the same time in the same model, we abandoned lag load as a measure of evolutionary rate (lag loads do not uniquely determine phenotype). Instead, we used the traditional assumption that rate is proportional to the slope of the adaptive landscape. A model, relying on continuous evolutionary game theory, was developed and simulated under various conditions in two or three species sets, with up to five independent traits coevolving simultaneously. The results were: (1) there was always a set of equilibrium densities eventually achieved by coevolution; if the population interaction represented by this stable coevolutionary state is also stable, then the system should persist whether it evolves further or not; (2) whenever traits were present which were unbounded and best at their most extreme values, then a Red Queen emerged; (3) whenever traits were present which were correlated with each other or constrained below infinity, then an ESS emerged; (4) if both types were present, both results occurred: Red Queen in the unbounded traits and ESS in the constrained ones. Because unbounded traits may not exist, the Red Queen may have no domain. But the domain of ESS is real. ESS should lead to the evolutionary pattern called punctuated equilibrium. The changes in design rules which punctuate stasis should lead to an ever-expanding independence of traits from each other, i.e. to more and more refined differentiation. A single set of design rules which governs a set of species is called a fitness-generating function. Such functions may help to define the concepts of adaptive zone and ecological guild.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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