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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alcoholics ; Harman ; Trace amines ; β-carbolines ; Liver histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Based on the hypothesis of a relationship between the concentration of trace amines like tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQ's) and β-carbolines (BC's) in the brain and an increased voluntary ingestion of ethanol, the concentrations of ethanol, acetaldehyde and harman (a β-carboline) were examined in a group of 20 alcoholics. The patients excreted a higher amount of harman into the urine than non-alcoholics on the day of admission (harman-1) as well as at the end of the detoxication period, 14 days later (harman-14). Certain factors were related to the increased excretion of harman by alcoholics: The younger the patient when he/she consumed ethanol for the first time, the higher the concentration of acetaldehyde in the blood and the amount of harman (harman-14) excreted in the urine. Furthermore, the younger the patient when he/she was intoxicated with ethanol for the first time the higher the amount of harman (harman-14) in the urine. Patients with first grade relatives who were alcoholics excreted more harman (harman-14) than those without such relatives. The following variables were not related to harman-14: The average amount of ethanol consumed daily during the 6 months prior to admission, the presence of signs of intoxication and symptoms of withdrawal at admission to hospital, and the consumption of other psychotropic substances. A negative correlation was found between the state of the liver, as assessed by liver histology and γ-glutamate transferase (γ-GT) levels, and the concentration of harman in the urine. Thus, some events in the patient's history as well as the state of the liver are important for the increased excretion of harman into urine of alcoholics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 327 (1984), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Harman ; Rat brain ; Regional distribution ; Urine ; Withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Harman occurs in rat brain, with the highest concentration in the cerebellum and the lowest in the striatum. 2 g/kg ethanol were ineffective with respect to the concentration of harman in the brain whereas 5 g/kg ethanol caused a time-dependent increase in the cerebral cortex as well as the cerebellum. A toxic dose (8 g/kg) of ethanol elicited no change of harman in the brain 3 h following the application. The rise in the harman concentration in the brain did not correlate with the increase of acetaldehyde in the blood after treatment with ethanol suggesting that several mechanisms are involved in the changes of the levels of harman. In subchronic experiments rats were treated with ethanol over a period of 5 or 6 days. Harman increased in the brain whereby the effect seemed to be more pronounced in the cerebellum than in the cerebral cortex. The concentration tended to increase over time and reached control levels again during withdrawal. The time course of the excretion of harman into the urine was similar to that of the brain in that it increased continuously during the period of ethanol treatment and reached control levels again during with-drawal.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 2459-2465 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Dichte von kristallinem Poly(äthylenterephthalat), (PETP), Qc wurde röntgenographisch überprüft. Der Berechnung wurden die von Bunn angegebene trikline Symmetrie und Indizierung der Reflexe zugrunde gelegt. Es wurden die folgenden Elementarzellenparameter gefunden: a = 4,48 Å, b = 5,85 Å, c = 10,75 Å, α = 99,5°, β = 118,4° und γ = 111,2°. Damit ergibt sich eine Dichte Qc = 1,515g/cm3, welche etwa 4% höher als die von Bunn angegeben ist.Proben, die bei verschiedenen Temperaturen zwischen 120 und 260°C getempert waren, zeigten nur vernachlässigbare Unterschiede in den Netzebenenabständen. Bei der bei 100°C getemperten Probe wurde eine Dichte Qc = 1,484g/cm3 beobachtet.An unverstreckten, bei 250°C getemperten PETP-Filmen, wurde mit Hilfe von Guinier Aufnahmen der gleiche Dichtewert Qc wie der von verstrecktem PETP ermittelt. Beiverstreckten PETP-Borsten, die bei 220°C getempert waren und Molenbrüche zwischen 1.7 und 4,2% Diäthylenglykol, (2,2′-Oxydiathanol) enthielten, wurden keine systematischen Anderungen der Netzebenenabstande gefunden.
    Notes: The density of crystals of poly(ethylene terephthalate), (PETP), Qc is checked by X-ray diffraction assuming a triclinic unit cell and the indices of reflections as found by Bunn. The following unit cell dimensions are found: a = 4,48Å, b = 5,85Å, c = 10,75 Å, α = 99,5°, β = 118,4°, and γ = 111,2°. This gives the density Qc as 1,515g/cm3 which is about 4% higher than that reported by Bunn.Negligible differences in spacings for samples annealed at different temperatures (120°C-260°C) have been found. Only for an annealing temperature of 100°C the higher d-values lead to Qc = 1,484g/cm3.For undrawn PETP films annealed at 250°C the same value of Qc as for drawn PETP was obtained on the basis of Guinier X-ray patterns. No systematic variation of crystal plane spacings was found for drawn PETP fibers annealed at 220°C and containing mole fractions of 1,7 to 4,2% diethylene glycol, (2,2′-oxydiethanol), as comonomer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: X-ray investigations show that the small angle period decreases with increasing crystallinity in the course of secondary crystallization. When a sample previously crystallized at 140°C. is heated to a higher temperature, the small angle period firstly increases and thereafter decreases during the following new crystallization. The interpretation of these experimental results is discussed.It is shown by X-ray wide angle scattering, showed that the order in chain direction is not improved with increasing crystallinity during isothermal crystallization. This order obviously depends only on the temperature of crystallization. After partial melting followed by a crystallization at a lower temperature the molecular order  -  particular in chain direction  -  becomes less perfect.
    Notes: Röntgenographische Untersuchungen ergaben, daß die Kleinwinkelperiode im Verlauf der Nachkristallisation mit zunehmendem Kristallisationsgrad abnimmt. Ferner steigt nach dem Erhitzen einer bei 140°C auskristallisierten Probe auf eine höhere Temperatur die Kleinwinkelperiode zunächst stark an und nimmt während der anschließenden Neukristallisation wieder etwas ab. Die Deutung dieser experimentellen Ergebnisse wird diskutiert, wobei der Einfluß des Bausteinfaktors berücksichtigt wird.Weitwinkeluntersuchungen zeigten, daß bei der isothermen Kristallisation der Kristallisationsgrad zwar zunimmt, die Ordnung in Kettenrichtung aber nicht verbessert wird; diese hängt offenbar nur von der Kristallisationstemperatur ab. Beim partiellen Schmelzen und anschließender Kristallisation bei tieferer Temperatur ist stets eine Verschlechterung der molekularen Ordnung  -  im besonderen in Kettenrichtung  -  festzustellen.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Conclusions concerning the structure of the disordered regions and the density fluctuation along fiber axis may be drawn from measurements of the relative change of X-ray small angle intensity of semicrystalline, drawn polymers caused by staining. Subject of this paper are measurements of the changes of X-ray small angle intensity of drawn polythylene as a function of iodine content. The observation that with increasing iodine content the meridional intensity first decreases but then increases again, leads to the conclusion that the electron density difference between crystalline and disordered regions is caused by chain folds at the boundaries of the crystallites. Different behaviour of unanneale and annealed samples may be explained by the improvement of degree of order of the crystallites and by the increase of density difference between crystalline and disordered regions taking place during annealing.
    Notes: Aus der relativen Änderung der Intensität der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von teilkristanllinen, verstreckten Hochpolymeren bei Einlagerung eines Kontrastmittels hoher Elektronendichte lassen sich Rückschhüsse auf die Struktur der fehlgeordneten Berechie sowie auf die Dichtefluktuation entlang der Faserachse ziehe. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über Messungen der Änderung der Kleinwinkelintensiät von verstrecktem Polyäthylen in Abhängigkeit vom Jodgehalt berichtet. Aus der Beobachtung, daß die auf dem Meridian gemessene Intensität mit steigendem Jodgehalt zuerst abnimmt, dann aber wieder anwäachst, kann man schließen, daß die Elektronendichtedifferenz zwischen kristallinen und fehlgeordneten Bereichen nicht durch Kettenaufbauschungen, sondern durch Rückfaltungen verursacht wird. Das unterschiedliche Verhalten ungetemperter und getempreter Proben kann man dadurch erklären, daß beim Temperen der Ordnungszustand der kristallite verbessert wird und die Dichtedifferenz zwischen kristallinen und fehlgeordneten Bereichen zunimmt.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: From measurements of the absolute value of X-ray small angle intensity of drawn polyethylene; the changes of mean square density fluctuation taking place during annealing were calculated. On the basis of a two-phase model the average density difference between crystalline and disordered regions depending on annealing temperature was determined. With the aid of additional X-ray wide angle measurements it was possible to obtain an information about the effective densities of the two phases as well as a so-called “X-ray small angle crystallinity” proposed by PETERLIN. The increase of density difference taking place during annealing may be explained by a defect diffusion process, as it was proposed previously.
    Notes: Aus Absolutmessungen der Intensität der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung an verstrecktem Polyäthylen wurden die durch Tempern verursachten Änderungen des mittleren Schwankungsquadrates der Dichtefluktuation berechnet. Unter Zugrundelegung eines Zweiphasenmodells wurde hieraus die mittlere Dichtedifferenz zwischen kristallinen und fehlgeordneten Bereichen in Abhängigkeit von der Tempertemperatur bestimmt. Gleichzeitig vorgenommene Röntgenweitwinkelmessungen erlaubten es, daraus die effektiven Dichten der beiden Phasen sowie eine sogenannte „Röntgenkleinwinkelkristallinität“ zu berechnen, wie sie von PETERLIN vorgeschlagen wurde. Die Ergebnisse der Röntgenkleinwinkeluntersuchungen legen es nahe, die beobachtete Zunahme der Dichtedifferenz während des Temperns im Sinne eines bereits früher vorgeschlagenen Modells als Fehlstellen-Diffusionsprozeß zu deuten. Ergänzend zu den röntgenographischen Untersuchungen wurden die durch das Tempern verursachten Änderungen des komplexen Elastizitätsmoduls gemessen.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 8 (1987), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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