Note: Air Pollutant Deposition and Its Effects on Natural Resources in New York State -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Plates -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Chapter 1. Background and Purpose -- 1.1. Atmospheric Deposition in New York -- 1.2. Air Quality Management -- 1.2.1. Clean Air Act -- 1.2.2. Regional Haze Rule -- 1.2.3. Federal Water Pollution Control Act -- 1.2.4. Other Legislation -- 1.3. Ecosystem Functions and Services -- 1.4. Goals and Objectives -- Chapter 2. Resource Sensitivity to Atmospheric Deposition -- 2.1. Geology -- 2.2. Soils -- 2.3. Forest Vegetation -- 2.4. Hydrology and Hydrodynamics -- 2.5. Wetlands -- 2.6. Surface Water -- 2.6.1. Streams and Lakes -- 2.6.1.1. Acid-Base Chemistry -- 2.6.1.2. Nutrients -- 2.6.2. Estuaries and Near-Coastal Marine Waters -- Chapter 3. Principal Stressors -- 3.1. Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Mercury Emissions and Deposition -- 3.1.1. Sulfur Emissions and Deposition -- 3.1.1.1. Sulfur Emissions into the Atmosphere -- 3.1.1.2. Sulfur Deposition -- 3.1.2. Nitrogen Oxide and Ammonia Emissions and Deposition -- 3.1.2.1. Nitrogen Emissions into the Atmosphere -- 3.1.2.2. Nitrogen Deposition and Other Watershed N Sources -- 3.1.3. Mercury Emissions and Deposition -- 3.1.3.1. Mercury Emissions into the Atmosphere -- 3.1.3.2. Mercury Deposition -- 3.2. Watershed Disturbance -- 3.2.1. Timber Harvest and Fire -- 3.2.2. Land Use Change -- 3.2.3. Invasive Species -- 3.2.4. Other Disturbances -- 3.2.5. Multiple Stress Response -- 3.3. Mercury Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification -- 3.4. Climate Change -- 3.4.1. Influence of Soil Freezing on N Cycling -- 3.4.2. Extreme Events -- Chapter 4. Chemical Effects of Atmospheric Deposition -- 4.1. Sulfur -- 4.1.1. Upland Sulfur Cycling Processes -- 4.1.2. Wetland Sulfur Cycling Processes. , 4.1.3. Surface Water Sulfur Cycling Processes -- 4.2. Nitrogen -- 4.2.1. Upland Nitrogen Cycling Processes -- 4.2.2. Wetland Nitrogen Cycling Processes -- 4.2.3. Fresh Surface Water Nitrogen Cycling Processes -- 4.2.4. Coastal Nitrogen Cycling Processes -- 4.2.5. Nitrogen Saturation -- 4.3. Dissolved Organic Carbon -- 4.3.1. Upland Processes -- 4.3.2. Wetland Processes -- 4.3.3. Surface Water Processes -- 4.4. Base Cations and Aluminum -- 4.4.1. Upland Processes -- 4.4.2. Wetland and Surface Water Processes -- 4.5. Acid-Base Interactions -- 4.5.1. Soil-Water Interactions -- 4.5.2. Upland Processes -- 4.5.3. Base Cation Depletion -- 4.5.4. Wetland and Surface Water Processes -- 4.5.4.1. Chronic Acidification Processes -- 4.5.4.2. Episodic Acidification Processes -- 4.6. Nutrient Interactions -- 4.6.1. Terrestrial Effects -- 4.6.2. Wetland Effects -- 4.6.3. Surface Water Effects -- 4.6.3.1. High Elevation Lakes -- 4.6.3.2. Great Lakes -- 4.6.3.3. Coastal Waters -- 4.7. Mercury Interactions -- 4.7.1. Upland Processes -- 4.7.2. Wetland Processes -- 4.7.3. Surface Water Processes -- Chapter 5. Biotic Effects of Atmospheric Deposition -- 5.1. Terrestrial Resource Response to Acidification, Eutrophication and Mercury Input -- 5.1.1. Red Spruce Response to Acidification -- 5.1.2. Sugar Maple Response to Acidification -- 5.1.3. Vegetation Response to Nitrogen Supply -- 5.1.4. Avian Response to Acidification -- 5.1.5. Mercury Methylation -- 5.1.6. Effects of Mercury on Humans -- 5.2. Effects on the Biology of Freshwater Ecosystems -- 5.2.1. Phytoplankton -- 5.2.2. Zooplankton -- 5.2.3. Benthic Macroinvertebrates -- 5.2.4. Fish -- 5.2.4.1. Effects of Acidification on Fish -- 5.2.4.2. Effects of Mercury on Fish -- 5.2.4.3. Effects of Environmental Factors on Mercury Bioaccumulation in Fish -- 5.2.5. Fish-Eating Birds and Mammals -- 5.2.5.1. Fish-Eating Birds. , 5.2.5.2. Fish-Eating Mammals -- 5.2.6. Other Life Forms -- 5.2.7. Community Metrics -- 5.2.7.1. Taxonomic Richness -- 5.2.7.2. Indices of Biotic Integrity -- 5.3. Effects on Coastal Aquatic Biota -- 5.3.1. Phytoplankton in Coastal Waters -- 5.3.2. Submerged Aquatic Vegetation -- 5.3.3. Shellfish and Fish -- Chapter 6. Historical Patterns of Effects -- 6.1. Paleoecological Studies -- 6.2. Watershed Model Hindcast Studies -- 6.3. Recent Trends in Monitoring Data -- 6.3.1. Wet and Dry Deposition -- 6.3.2. Soils -- 6.3.3. Surface Waters -- 6.3.3.1. Chemistry -- 6.3.3.2. Biology -- Chapter 7. Extrapolation of Site-Specific Data to the Broader Region -- 7.1. Methods of Regionalization -- 7.2. Regionalization of Survey Data -- 7.3. Regionalization of Long-Term Monitoring Data -- Chapter 8. Projected Future Responses of Sensitive Resources to Reductions in Acidic Atmospheric Deposition -- 8.1. Modeling Approaches -- 8.1.1. MAGIC -- 8.1.2. PnET-BGC -- 8.1.3. SPARROW -- 8.1.4. WATERSN -- 8.1.5. ASSETS -- 8.2. Projections Based on Existing and Future Emissions Controls -- Chapter 9. Critical Load -- 9.1. Approaches -- 9.2. Critical- and Target-Load Calculations -- 9.3. Utility to Policy Makers -- 9.4. Linkages to Biological Response -- Chapter 10. Climate Linkages -- 10.1. Temperature -- 10.2. Water Quantity and Quality -- Chapter 11. Linkages with Ecosystem Services -- 11.1. Forest and Freshwater Aquatic Resources -- 11.2. Coastal Resources -- Chapter 12. Active Intervention -- Chapter 13. Summary and Important Data Gaps and Recommendations -- Glossary -- References Cited -- About the Author -- Plates are at the end of the book.