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    Fluid mechanics applied to the study of atmospheric circulations. I. A study of flow patterns with the aid of isentropic analysis. (2006)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A. On the maintenance of the westerlies south of the polar front. B. Technique and examples of isentropic analysis. C. Isentropic analysis of a case of anticyclogenesis.
    Description: This paper constitutes Part I of a report on certain investigations which have been in progress at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the past few years and which have been supported in part with funds provided by the Weather Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture under the Bankhead-Jones Special Research Fund. The ultimate purpose of these investigations is to develop a sound physical model of the general circulation of the atmosphere, in the hope that an improved understanding of this process eventually may furnish valuable clues as to how the time range of our present daily weather forecasts may be extended and their quality be improved. In the past, the interpretation of the large-scale circulations of the atmosphere with the aid of the tools of classical hydrodynamics has suffered from the fact that these tools were designed for the study of thermodynamically inactive fluids, in which, furthermore, viscous or eddy stresses could be neglected. Through the work of V. Bjerknes and his students a good start has now been made towards the development of a science of hydrodynamics applicable also to thermodynamically active fluids, in which density changes are taking place as a result of non-adiabatic temperature changes. The removal of the second restriction-i.e., the development of hydrodynamic tools adapted to the study of fluids in which eddy stresses playa dominant role-has been accomplished mainly through the investigations of the Göttingen school of fluid mechanics. As yet, no synthesis of these two modern developments has been accomplished, although it is becoming increasingly clear that such a synthesis is needed before any headway can be made with the interpretation of the behaviour of the atmosphere. There has been a tendency on the part of meteorologists to assume that the effects of eddy stresses are restricted to a layer near the ground, and that the atmosphere above this layer behaves approximately as an ideal fluid. Even fairly elementary considerations show that a real understanding of atmospheric circulations becomes absolutely impossible on the basis of this assumption. A modest first attempt towards such a synthesis of the Norwegian and German developments will be attempted in these reports. It will be shown that the movements in the free atmosphere above the ground friction layer are affected by large-scale lateral mixing processes which produce shearing stresses acting across vertical planes, and one or two examples will be given to demonstrate that reasonable steady state solutions for the atmosphere can be obtained by taking this internal stress distribution into account. It will be shown, moreover, that the distribution of cold sources and heat sources in the free atmosphere is at least in part controlled by the stress distribution, which regúlates the location of ascending and descending movements.
    Keywords: Atmospheric circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Book
    Format: 8947371 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of soil tests to predict the growth and nodulation of subterranean clover in aluminium-toxic topsoils (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; 8-hydroxyquinoline ; cation exchange resin ; reactive Al ; soil test ; soil solution ; 1∶5 extract ; acidic topsoil ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Total Al concentration or pH in 1∶5 10 mM CaCl2 extracts and exchangeable Al in 100 mM BaCl2 extracts cannot always distinguish between Al-toxic and Al-nontoxic topsoils. Our objectives were to compare the abilities of different measures of Al and pH in various extracts to predict the effects of acidity on growth and nodulation of subterranean clover. In a glasshouse experiment,Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mt Barker was grown in acidic soils from 3 sites in the Western Australian wheatbelt with different histories of phosphate fertilizer application. The pH was adjusted to give a range of 3.8–7 in the centrifuged soil solution (SS). Total (Al-tot), reactive Al (8-hydroxyquinoline-extractable, Al-HQ) and pH were measured in SS and 1∶5 extracts of KCl, CaCl2 and LaCl3. Another method of estimating reactive Al (Al which reacts with Chelex-100) was also measured in SS only. Other measurements included exchangeable Al and H, Ca in SS, and P in SS and the CaCl2 extracts. Both plant growth and early nodulation decreased with increasing acidity. Plant growth in the acidified and unlimed treatments of all soils was best described by Al-HQ in SS, KCl or CaCl2 (r2=0.68–0.70). Multiple regression of relative yield against Al or pH with the concentration of P in SS increased the percentage variation explained by 10% and 30%, respectively. Early nodulation was well correlated (r2=0.67–0.91) with pH or exch. H, Al-tot or exch. Al and Al-HQ. No improvement in the correlation was gained by including P using multiple regression. At constant ionic strength, increasing the valence of the extracting cation decreased the ability of soil tests to distinguish phytotoxic Al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465215
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