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  • GEOMAR Catalogue / E-Books
  • Articles  (9)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (6)
  • Stereotypy  (2)
  • 4  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 358 (1998), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Riluzole ; Glutamate ; NMDA ; Glutamate ; inhibitor ; Catalepsy ; Locomotion ; Stereotypy ; Ataxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Riluzole (2-amino-6-trigluoromethoxy benzothiazole) has neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and anesthetic qualities. These effects are mediated by blockade of glutamate transmission, stabilizing of sodium channels and blockade of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake. The action profile of riluzole is dominated by its effects on glutamate transmission which are predominately mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-linked processes in vitro. In vivo studies show that blockade and stimulation of the different NMDA receptor complex binding sites or AMPA receptors modulate motor behavior in a characteristic manner. It was therefore interesting to examine if blockade of glutamatergic transmission by riluzole induced similar behavioral effects as direct NMDA/AMPA receptor antagonists and if these effects are mediated by a specific receptor. The effects of riluzole alone and in combination with several other neuroactive compounds on the central nervous system was assessed by behavioral paradigms to evaluate sniffing behavior, locomotion, ataxia and rigidity. Accompanying compounds included the NMDA receptor agonist NMDA, the partial glycine site agonist D-cycloserine (DCS), and the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 [1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzo-diazepine HCl]. Riluzole influenced neither stereotyped sniffing behavior nor locomotion but impaired motor coordination and attenuated rigidity induced by blockade of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists when given alone. At higher doses spontaneous behavioral activity decreased and motor coordination was more impaired. Augmentation of the riluzole effects were observed when NMDA, but not GYKI 52466, was coadministered. The glycine site agonist DCS increased the anticataleptic properties of riluzole. The results indicate that when given alone, riluzole has a behavioral profile resembling that of competitive NMDA receptor antagonists. However, coadministration of riluzole with NMDA/AMPA receptor ligands suggests that this assumption is incorrect, and that riluzole affects glutamatergic transmission by a more indirect mechanism. Nevertheless, the profile of riluzole together with its pre- and postsynaptic blockade of glutamatergic transmission implies beneficial properties in diseases where an overactive glutamate system induces chronic neurotoxicity and/or acute behavioral effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists ; Locomotion ; Stereotypy ; Catalepsy ; Basal ganglia ; Dopamine antagonists ; Dopamine metabolism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of systemic administration of the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists dextrorphan (10–40mg/kg, i.p.) and [±]-5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptan-5,10-imine (ADCI) (25–70mg/kg, i.p.) on basal ganglia-mediated behaviour and on forebrain dopamine metabolism were investigated in rats. Dextrorphan increased locomotor activity but did not induce stereotyped sniffing. ADCI failed to produce any significant motor stimulant and motor depressant actions. Both dextrorphan and ADCI dose-dependently antagonized catalepsy induced by the D-1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH 23390 or the D-2 dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol. Only the highest doses of dextrorphan and ADCI increased dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and/or in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the dorsal striatum. Our results show that dextrorphan and ADCI produce some of the behavioural effects (antagonism of experimentally induced catalepsy) and neurochemical actions (regionally selective stimulation of dopamine metabolism) that have previously been observed in the prototypical non-competitive NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine. The failure of ADCI to induce hyperlocomotion and stereotypy suggests that anticataleptic doses of ADCI may be devoid of the psychotomimetic actions commonly associated with non-competitive blockade of NMDA receptor function.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words:Centaurium (cell cultures) ; Benzophenone cyclization (2 ; 3′ ; 4 ; 6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone) ; Cyto-chrome P450 oxidase ; Hypericum (cell cultures) ; Oxidative phenol coupling (regioselective couplings) ; Xanthone synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A crucial step in plant xanthone biosynthesis is the cyclization of an intermediate benzophenone to a xanthone. In cultured cells of Centaurium erythraea RAFN, 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (THBP) was shown to be intramolecularly coupled to 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone, whereas in cell cultures of Hypericum androsaemum L. it was coupled to form the isomeric 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone. These regioselective cyclizations that occur ortho and para, respectively, to the 3′-hydroxy group of the benzophenone depend on cytochrome P 450, as shown by the effectiveness of established P 450 inhibitors and blue-light-reversible carbon monoxide inhibition. Furthermore, the reactions absolutely require NADPH and O2. The underlying reaction mechanism is probably an oxidative phenol coupling that is catalyzed regioselectively by xanthone synthases. These enzymes are proposed to be cytochrome P 450 oxidases. The intramolecular cyclizations of THBP to 1,3,5- and 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthones catalyzed by the two xanthone synthases represent an important branch point in the plant xanthone biosynthetic pathway.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Racemization of Spirocyclic Pentaaryl Derivatives of Group 5 A Elements. I H NMR Investigations with Overcrowded Asymmetric Phosphoranes, Arsoranes, and StiboranesThe two different methyl positions of bis-2,2′-biarylylenephosphorane 7, the corresponding arsoranes 8a, b, and the analogous stiborane 9 are reversibly equilibrated at elevated temperatures with free enthalpies of activation of 18.2 (76.0), 17.2 (72.2), ≈ 22.5 (94.2), and 15.4 (64.6) kcal(kJ)/mol. Starting with the trigonal bipyramidal ground state conformations C and ∪ (fig. 2) these ligand exchange phenomena can be interpreted in the framework of the pseudorotation process on the basis of trigonal bipyramidal transition states of type A with diequatorial biarylylene groups.
    Notes: Die beiden unterschiedlichen Methyl-Positionen des Bis-2,2′-biarylylenphosphorans 7, der entsprechenden Arsorane 8a, b und des analogen Stiborans 9 werden bei erhöhten Temperaturen mit freien Aktivierungsenthalpien von 18.2 (76.0), 17.2 (72.2). ≈ 22.5 (94.2) und 15.4 (64.6) kcal(kJ)/mol reversibel äquilibriert. Ausgehend von den trigonal-bipyramidalen Grundzustandskonformationen C und ∪ (Abb. 2) lassen sich diese Ligandenaustauschphänomene im Rahmen des Pseudorotationsprozesses auf der Basis trigonal-bipyramidaler Übergangszustände des Typs A (Abb. 2) mit diäquatorialen Biarylylen-Gruppen interpretieren.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 358-384 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Modified Tetrahelicene Systems, III. Doubly ortho-Bridged Triphenylamine DerivativesThe heterocyclic (2a, b, 19, 3b - f, and 9a - c) as well as the carbocyclic naphth[3,2,1-de]anthracene derivatives (21 - 23), which can be represented by the skeleton types A and B (table 2), are helically distorted in the stereochemical ground state. They racemize so fast, however, that their free enthalpies of racemization (ΔG≠≤ 21 (88) kcal(kJ)/mol) could be determined by standard DNMR methods. Only derivatives of compound type 3 with relatively large bridge Y (3a, Y = C(CH3)2; 3g′, Y = S) exhibit higher racemization barriers (ΔG160≠ = 24 (100.4) and 28.4 (119) kcal(kJ)/mol) which had to be evaluated by classical equilibration procedures. With the results obtained in this way the working hypothesis has been confirmed, according to which for compounds A and B enlargement of the bridges Y and/or X, as well as diminution of the center Z - in holding the periphery constant - should lead to an increase of nonbonding interactions in the planar transition state and therefore to an increase of the racemization barrier. It has furthermore been shown with numerous substitution products of compound type 1 that here frequently accidental coincidences of the 1H NMR signals of diastereotopic and also constitutopic groups do occur.
    Notes: Die durch die Gerüsttypen A und B (s. Tab. 2) repräsentierbaren heterocyclischen (2a, b sowie 19, 3b - f und 9a - c) und auch carbocyclischen Naphth[3,2,1-de]anthracen-Derivate (21 - 23) sind im stereochemischen Grundzustand helical verdrillt, racemisieren jedoch so rasch, daß ihre freien Racemisierungsenthalpien (ΔG≠≤ 21 (88) kcal(kJ)/mol) mit Standard-DNMR-Methoden bestimmt werden konnten. Nur Abkömmlinge des Verbindungstyps 3 mit relativ großer Brücke Y (3a, Y = C(CH3)2; 3g′, Y = S) weisen höhere Racemisierungsbarrieren auf (ΔG160≠ = 24 (100.4) bzw. 28.4 (119) kcal(kJ)/mol), zu deren Ermittlung klassische Äquilibrierungsmethoden herangezogen werden mußten. Mit den so erhaltenen Ergebnissen wurde die Arbeitshypothese bestätigt, nach der bei Verbindungen vom Typ A bzw. B sowohl Vergrößerung der Brücken Y und/oder X als auch - bei konstanter Peripherie - Verkleinerung des Zentrums Z zum Anwachsen der nichtbindenden Wechselwirkungen im planaren Übergangszustand und damit auch zum Anwachsen der Racemisierungsbarriere führen sollte. Weiterhin wurde anhand zahlreicher Substitutionsprodukte des Verbindungstyps 1 gezeigt, daß hier häufig zufällige Koinzidenzen der 1H-NMR-Signale diastereotoper, aber auch konstitutoper Gruppen auftreten.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 577-585 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Electron Transfer Agents, I Electrochemical and Spectroscopical Study of Bromo-substituted Triarylamine Redox SystemsThe redox behaviour of the bromo-substituted triarylamines 2 - 7 has been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The oxidation potentials of the redox pair amine/cation radical strongly depend on the degree of substitution in ortho-position showing a smaller sterical influence in addition to a strong electronic effect. The second oxidation potential, cation radical/dication, is influenced by substitution to a much smaller degree. The UV/VIS spectra of the corresponding cation radicals are shifted bathochromically with increasing ortho-substitution. A linear relationship between redox potentials of the amines and long wave-length absorbance maxima of the cation radicals is observed. Redox potentials and UV/VIS spectra allow partial analysis of the term schemes of the amines and the corresponding cation radicals. ESR spectra of the cation radicals show broad and unresolved signals.
    Notes: Das Redoxverhalten der bromsubstituierten Triarylamine 2 - 7 wurde mit Hilfe der Methode der cyclischen Voltammetrie untersucht. Die Oxidationspotentiale des Redoxpaars Amin/ Radikalkation hängen stark vom Substitutionsgrad in den ortho-Positionen ab, wobei zusätzlich zu einem starken elektronischen Effekt ein schwächerer sterischer Einfluß beobachtet wird. Der Einfluß der Substitution auf das zweite Oxidationspotential, Radikalkation/Dikation, ist wesentlich geringer. Die UV/VIS-Spektren der zugehörigen Radikalkationen sind mit zunehmender ortho-Substitution bathochrom verschoben. Zwischen Redoxpotential der Amine und langwelligstem Absorptionsmaximum der Radikalkationen besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang. Redoxpotentiale und UV/VIS-Spektren gestatten eine partielle Termanalyse der Amine und der zugehörigen Radikalkationen. Die ESR-Spektren der Radikalkationen zeigen breite unaufgelöste Signale.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 296 (1958), S. 188-198 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Different systems AsCl3/MClx/Cl2 were tested for formation of compounds [AsCl4]n [MClx + n] by measuring the electrical conductivity. Compounds are formed in case of MClx = TaCl5, FeCl3, AuCl3, AlCl3, GaCl3 besides the known cases MClx = PCl5, SbCl5. [AsCl4][AlCl4] and [AsCl4][GaCl4] were isolated in solid state. Results are discussed with regard to the instability of AsCl5.
    Notes: Es wurden verschiedene Systeme AsCl3/MClx/Cl2 mit Hilfe von Leitfähigkeitsmessungen auf die Bildung von Verbindungen des Typs [AsCl4]n[MClx + n] untersucht. Verbindungsbildung tritt ein, außer den bekannten Fällen MClx = PCl5, SbCl5, bei MClx = TaCl5, FeCl3, AuCl3, AlCl3, GaCl3. Die Verbindungen [AsCl4][AlCl4] und [AsCl4][GaCl4] wurden isoliert. Die Ergebnisse werden in bezug auf die Unbeständigkeit des Arsen(V)-chlorids besprochen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 31 (1898), S. 1072-1077 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 72 (1939), S. 2029-2035 
    ISSN: 0365-9631
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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