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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of 15N-isotope dilution for measurement of nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 347-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: N2-fixation ; 15N ; Cicer arietinum ; Isotope-dilution ; Acetylene reduction assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary N accumulation, nodulation, and acetylene reduction activity were measured at frequent intervals during the growth of two chickpea genotypes, and N2 fixation was estimated by an isotope-dilution method, using safflower as a non-N2-fixing reference. Safflower was more efficient at N uptake than both the chickpea genotypes for at least the first 50 days and thus could not be used as an accurate reference control. We recommend that further work should employ non-nodulatiog genotypes of chickpea as reference plants and use slow-release forms of 15N fertilizer. Direct genotype comparison by isotope dilution estimated that genotype K 850 fixed 16–18 kg ha−1 more N than G 130, and this difference was supported by the greater nodule mass and acetylene reduction activity in the K 850 cultivar. Inoculation with an ineffective chickpea Rhizobium sp. led to 69% nodulation on cultivar K 850 but only 33% on G 130. While nodule weight, N uptake, and acetylene reduction activity decreased with inoculation in K 850, the isotope dilutions were similar for both inoculation treatments. The lack of a significant effect on N2 fixation was ascribed to the partial success of inoculant establishment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261025
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postal survey on the long-term use of neuromuscular block in the intensive care (1996)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 862-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Neuromuscular blocking agents ; Intensive care unit ; Long-term use ; Survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To assess the long-term use of neuromuscular blocking (NMB) agents in intensive care, expecially with reference to the potential problems of the long-term use of NMB drugs in the intensive care unit (ICU). Method A postal survey questionnaire was sent to 409 ICUs in Great Britain. Results Two hundred thirty-eight completed questionnaires were returned and analysed. Most ICUs were anaesthetist-led (85.8%) with only five ICUs being staffed by full-time intensivists. Facilitation of mechanical ventilation and increased intracranial pressure were the main indications for the prolonged use of neuromuscular blockade. Atracurium and vecuronium (83%) were administered most commonly by bolus alone (13.8%), bolus followed by continuous infusion (23.9%) or continuous infusion only (60.9%). The most frequently cited criteria for the use of either vecuronium or stracurium were their pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic stability. Neuromuscular block was most commonly monitored clinically (91.7%), with only 8.3% of the responders using a peripheral nerve stimulator. All responders indicated the concomitant use of sedatives (propofol/midazolam alone or in combination in 89.4% of responders) and/or opioids (morphine, fentanyl or alfentanil in 74.8% of respondents) with muscle relaxants. Conclusion Most responders agreed that while neuromuscular block in the ICU population may provide advantages, it cannot be considered benign. Indeed, a great majority consider that NMB agents should be used only as a last option andfor as short a period as possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02044108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postal survey on the long-term use of neuromuscular block in the intensive care (1996)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 862-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Neuromuscular blocking agents ; Intensive care unit ; Long-term use ; Survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess the long-term use of neuromuscular blocking (NMB) agents in intensive care, expecially with reference to the potential problems of the long-term use of NMB drugs in the intensive care unit (ICU). Method: A postal survey questionnaire was sent to 409 ICUs in Great Britain. Results: Two hundred thirty-eight completed questionnaires were returned and analysed. Most ICUs were anaesthetist-led (85.8%) with only five ICUs being staffed by full-time intensivists. Facilitation of mechanical ventilation and increased intracranial pressure were the main indications for the prolonged use of neuromuscular blockade. Atracurium and vecuronium (83%) were administered most commonly by bolus alone (13.8%), bolus followed by continuous infusion (23.9%) or continuous infusion only (60.9%). The most frequently cited criteria for the use of either vecuronium or stracurium were their pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic stability. Neuromuscular block was most commonly monitored clinically (91.7%), with only 8.3% of the responders using a peripheral nerve stimulator. All responders indicated the concomitant use of sedatives (propofol/midazolam alone or in combination in 89.4% of responders) and/or opioids (morphine, fentanyl or alfentanil in 74.8% of respondents) with muscle relaxants. Conclusion: Most responders agreed that while neuromuscular block in the ICU population may provide advantages, it cannot be considered benign. Indeed, a great majority consider that NMB agents should be used only as a last option andfor as short a period as possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340050179
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of N2-fixation in field-grown pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] using15N-labelled fertilizer (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N ; Cajanus cajan ; intercropping ; isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; residual effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were carried out from 1981 to 1983 in Vertisol field at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India to measure N2-fixation of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] using the15N isotope dilution technique. One experiment examined the effect of control of a nodule-eating insect on fixation while another in vestigated the effect of intercroping with cereals on fixation and the residual effect of pigeonpea on a succeeding cereal crop. Although both experiments indicated that at least 88% of the N in pigeonpea was fixed from the atmosphere, one result is considered fortuitous in view of the differential rates of growth of the legume and the control, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The difference method of calculation in dieated negative fixation and the results emphasized the problem of finding a suitable nonfixing control. In a second experiment, when all plants were confined to a known volume of soil to which15N fertilizer was added in the field, these problems were overcome, and isotope dilution and difference methods gave similar results of N2-fixation of about 90%. In intercropped pigeonpea 96% of the total N was derived from the atmosphere. This estimate might be an artifact. There was no evidence of benefit from N fixed by pigeonpea to intercropped sorghum plants. Plant tissue15N enrichments of cereal crops grown after pigeonpea indicated that the cereal derived some N fixed by the previous pigeonpea. Thus residual benefits to cereals are not only an effect of ‘sparing’ of soil N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371037
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  • 5
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    Mortality From Thoracic Aortic Diseases and Associations With Cardiovascular Risk Factors [Epidemiology and Prevention] (2014)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-23
    Description: Background— Temporal trends in mortality from thoracic aortic disease are unclear. This study examined trends in mortality from thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and aortic dissection (AD) with the aim of identifying associations with trends in established cardiovascular risk factors. Methods and Results— TAA and AD mortality (1994–2010) using International Classification of Diseases codes was extracted from the World Health Organization mortality database and age standardized. World Health Organization InfoBase and International Mortality and Smoking Statistics provided risk factor data. Eighteen World Health Organization member states were included (Europe=13, Australasia=2, North America=2, Asia=1). Ecological regression was performed of temporal trends in cardiovascular risk factors (1946–2010) and independent correlations to mortality trends. TAA and AD mortality trends show substantial heterogeneity but are generally declining. TAA mortality has increased in Hungary, Romania, Japan, and Denmark, and AD mortality has increased in Romania and Japan; therefore, the mortality decline is not universal. A linear relationship exists between trends in systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and body mass index and mortality from TAA. Body mass index demonstrated a negative linear association with female AD mortality, whereas trends in systolic blood pressure demonstrated a positive linear relationship with male AD mortality. Trends in smoking prevalence were not associated with TAA or AD mortality trends. Conclusions— This population-level ecological regression provides evidence that mortality secondary to TAA and mortality secondary to AD are both in decline. Differences between countries could be explained by population-level changes in common cardiovascular risk factors. Public health measures could further reduce mortality from TAA and AD.
    Keywords: CV surgery: aortic and vascular disease
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4539
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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  • 6
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    Aneurysm Global Epidemiology Study: Public Health Measures Can Further Reduce Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Mortality [Epidemiology and Prevention] (2014)
    American Heart Association (AHA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-19
    Description: Background— Contemporary data from Western populations suggest steep declines in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) mortality; however, international trends are unclear. This study aimed to investigate global AAA mortality trends and to analyze any association with common cardiovascular risk factors. Methods and Results— AAA mortality (1994–2010) using International Classification of Diseases codes were extracted from the World Health Organization mortality database and age standardized. The World Health Organization InfoBase and International Mortality and Smoking Statistics provided risk factor data. Nineteen World Health Organization member states were included (Europe, 14; Australasia, 2; North America, 2; Asia, 1). Regression analysis of temporal trends in cardiovascular risk factors (1946–2010) was done independently for correlations to AAA mortality trends. Global AAA mortality trends show substantial heterogeneity, with the United States and United Kingdom recording the greatest national decline, whereas internationally, male individuals and those 〈75 years of age demonstrated the greatest reductions. AAA mortality has increased in Hungary, Romania, Austria, and Denmark; therefore, the mortality decline is not universal. A positive linear relationship exists between global trends in systolic blood pressure ( P ≤0.03), cholesterol ( P ≤0.03), and smoking prevalence ( P ≤0.02) in males and females. Body mass index demonstrated a negative linear association with AAA mortality ( P ≤0.007), whereas fasting blood glucose showed no association. Conclusions— AAA mortality has not declined globally, and this study reveals that differences between nations can be explained by variations in traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Declines in smoking prevalence correlate most closely with declines in AAA mortality, and a novel obesity paradox has been identified that requires further investigation. Public health measures could therefore further reduce global AAA mortality, with greatest benefits in the younger age group.
    Keywords: CV surgery: aortic and vascular disease
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4539
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by American Heart Association (AHA)
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