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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Keywords: Seismogenic source ; Active fault ; Active fault system ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: web product
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: Il 20 maggio 2012 un terremoto di magnitudo 5,9 ha colpito una vasta zona della Pianura Padana compresa tra le provincie di Modena, Ferrara e Mantova. Oltre a diversi centri storici, a numerose chiese e ad alcuni capannoni industriali il terremoto ha mandato in frantumi anche la diffusa convinzione che quella porzione del territorio padano, da sempre flagellata da alluvioni e dove appena 50 anni fa si è conclusa l’ultima di una serie di bonifiche, fosse almeno immune dal rischio dei terremoti. Negli anni successivi in molti si sono chiesti quale sia il reale livello della sismicità naturale della Pianura Padana, e uno dopo l’altro sono stati riscoperti terremoti antichi ma non per questo meno disastrosi come quelli che hanno distrutto Ferrara nel 1570, Argenta nel 1624, Cotignola nel 1688. Nel 2017, con il novecentesimo anniversario del terremoto del 1117, si sono accesi i riflettori anche sulla più disastrosa crisi sismica mai avvenuta nella Pianura Padana, innescando nuove analisi e riflessioni sul passato sismico dell’area più popolosa del nostro paese, e dunque anche sul futuro. Il livello non trascurabile della pericolosità sismica di alcune porzioni della Pianura Padana è stato chiaramente messo a fuoco dalle analisi della comunità scientifica già dal 2003, quando è stata pubblicata l’Ordinanza della Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 3274, e successivamente dalla Mappa di Pericolosità Sismica elaborata dall’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (d’ora in avanti INGV) e nota come MPS04.1 La normativa sismica ancora oggi in vigore ha prontamente recepito le novità, ma una serie di ritardi e sostanziali sottovalutazioni del problema da parte degli amministratori hanno fatto in modo che il tema non entrasse nel dibattito pubblico almeno fino al maggio 2012. All’evoluzione delle conoscenze, e soprattutto della consapevolezza del problema sismico da parte dei cittadini e dei loro amministratori, è dedicata un’intera sezione del volume L’Italia dei disastri, curato da Emanuela Guidoboni e Gianluca Valensise e pubblicato nel 2013.2 Come ricercatori impegnati nella caratterizzazione sismica del territorio italiano3 da quasi due decenni abbiamo cercato di comprendere a cosa sia dovuta la scarsa percezione della sismicità di quell’ampia e importante porzione del nostro territorio nazionale che costituisce la Pianura Padana. A parte la relativa rarità dei forti terremoti, quantomeno negli ultimi tre secoli, va sicuramente considerato anche un diffuso approccio – più romantico che naturalistico – che tende a vedere nelle blande variazioni topografiche di quei territori la prova che il contesto geologico e geodinamico locale sia altrettanto ‘tranquillo’. Ma come dimostrano i terremoti che sono stati appena ricordati, questo punto di vista è del tutto sbagliato. Il paesaggio geologico sepolto della Pianura Padana è in effetti molto articolato e complesso, ed è sede di processi geodinamici certamente attivi; possiamo immaginarlo costituito da vere e proprie montagne ammantate da grandi quantità di sedimenti di origine marina e fluviale. Questi sedimenti hanno spessori molto variabili – da poco più di 100 metri a diverse migliaia di metri – e con la loro presenza obliterano le strutture tettoniche sottostanti. Queste possono in ogni caso essere rilevate e indagate quantomeno per via indiretta grazie alle numerose prospezioni geofisiche che sono state realizzate e rese disponibili dall’esplorazione petrolifera a partire dal secondo dopoguerra.
    Description: Published
    Description: 31-48
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Keywords: Terremoto 3 gennaio 1117 ; Pianura Padana ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-01-13
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Keywords: Seismogenic Source ; Active Fault ; Active Fault System ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: web product
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: In this study, we attempt to improve the standards in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) towards a time-dependent hazard assessment by using the most advanced methods and new databases for the Calabria region, Italy. In this perspective we improve the knowledge of the seismotectonic framework of the Calabrian region using geologic, tectonic, paleoseismological, and macroseismic information available in the literature. We built up a PSHA model based on the long-term recurrence behavior of seismogenic faults, together with the spatial distribution of historical earthquakes. We derive the characteristic earthquake model for those sources capable of rupturing the entire fault segment (full-rupture) independently with a single event of maximum magnitude. We apply the floating rupture model to those earthquakes whose location is not known sufficiently constrained. We thus associate these events with longer fault systems, assuming that any such earthquake can rupture anywhere within the particular fault system (floating partial-rupture) with uniform probability. We use a Brownian Passage Time (BPT) model characterized by mean recurrence, aperiodicity, or uncertainty in the recurrence distribution and elapsed time since the last characteristic earthquake. The purpose of this BPT model is to express the time-dependence of the seismic processes to predict the future ground motions in the region. Besides, we consider the influence on the probability of earthquake occurrence controlled by the change in static Coulomb stress (ΔCFF) due to fault interaction; to pursue this, we adopt a model built on the fusion of BPT model (BPT + ΔCFF). We present our results for both time-dependent (renewal) and time-independent (Poisson) models in terms of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) maps for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The hazard may increase by more than 20% or decrease by as much as 50% depending on the different occurrence model. Seismic hazard in terms of PGA decreases about 20% in the Messina Strait, where a recent major earthquake took place, with respect to traditional time-independent estimates. PGA near the city of Cosenza reaches ~ 0.36 g for the time-independent model and 0.40 g for the case of the time-dependent one (i.e. a 15% increase). Both the time-dependent and time-independent models for the period of 2015–2065 demonstrate that the city of Cosenza and surrounding areas bear the highest seismic hazard in Calabria.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2497–2524
    Description: 5T. Modelli di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Probabilistic seismic hazard maps ; Time-dependent hazard ; Fault-based model ; Fault interaction ; Seismogenic sources ; Calabria-Italy ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Large earthquakes occur rather orderly in space and time; hence they can be somehow anticipated, and their effects can be projected into the future. The modern practice of seismic hazard assessment rests on these principles and may rely on them, but also requires a detailed knowledge of the location and characteristics of individual earthquake sources. We discuss how this knowledge base can be constructed, with an eye on the geological history, which provides a record of the faults capable of generating large earthquakes, and one on the human history, which supplies evidence for whether and how such damaging earthquakes have occurred in the past. How do these two records interact with each other? It is now accepted that identifying active and potentially seismogenic faults in Italy is especially hard. The geological record may be clear and honest when dealing with processes at the scale of several million years, but is very difficult to decipher if we are concerned with contemporary geological processes, such as the earthquakes. Shortening the time-window of observation of earthquake activity is why Historical Seismology is so crucial for constructing a seismogenic source model. To this end we exploited a number of key Italian destructive earthquakes, each of which illuminates a recent geological process that may not offer a discernible surface signature. Our findings led us to reconsider the tectonic style of large areas, changed our perception of their earthquake potential, hinted at the existence of unknown seismogenic zones, and even led to downsizing the magnitude of the largest Italian historical earthquakes. We maintain that the complexity of the geological setting may be counterbalanced by the potential richness of the historical earthquake record. We also believe that our experience in the combined investigation of Italy's historical earthquakes and seismogenic sources may be replicated in all earthquake-prone countries.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228189
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Historical Seismology ; Seismogenic sources ; Italy ; SHA ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-06-05
    Description: Since the beginning of the ongoing Amatrice seismic sequence on August 24, 2016, initiated by a Mw 6.0 normal faulting earthquake, the EMERGEO Working Group (an INGV team devoted to earthquake aftermath geological survey) investigated coseismic effects on the natural environment. Up to now, we surveyed about 750 km2 and collected more than 3200 geological observations including differently oriented tectonic fractures together with intermediate- to small- sized landslides. The most impressive coseismic evidence was found along the known active Mt. Vettore fault system, where surface ruptures with clear vertical/horizontal offset were observed for more than 5 km, while unclear and discontinuous coseismic features were recorded along the Laga Mts. Fault systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: coseismic effects ; surface ruptures ; fractures and faults ; amatrice earthquake ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-06-05
    Description: The prompt identification of faults responsible for moderate-to-large earthquakes is fundamental for understanding the likelihood of further, potentially damaging events. This is increasingly challenging when the activated fault is an offshore buried thrust, where neither coseismic surface ruptures nor GPS/InSAR deformation data are available after an earthquake. We show that on 9 November 2022, an Mw 5.5 earthquake offshore Pesaro ruptured a portion of the buried Northern Apennines thrust front (the Cornelia thrust system [CTS]). By post-processing and interpreting the seismic reflection profiles crossing this thrust system, we determined that the activated fault (CTS) is an arcuate 30-km-long, NW-SE striking, SW dipping thrust and that older structures at its footwall possibly influenced its position and geometry. The activation of adjacent segments of the thrust system is a plausible scenario that deserves to be further investigated to understand the full earthquake potential of this offshore seismogenic source.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2022GL102299
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic reflection profiles ; Structural geology ; blind thrust ; buried fault ; earthquake sequence ; seismogenic fault ; subsurface modelling ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: The Italian historical earthquake record is among the richest worldwide; as such it allows for the development of advanced techniques for retrieving quantitative information by calibration with recent earthquakes. Building on a pilot elaboration of northern Italian earthquakes, we developed a procedure for determining the hypocentral depth of all Italian earthquakes from macroseismic intensity data alone. In a second step the procedure calculates their magnitude, taking into account the inferred depth. Hypocentral depth exhibits substantial variability countrywide but has so far received little attention: pre-instrumental earthquakes were routinely “flattened” at the upper-crustal level (∼10 km), on the grounds that the calculation of hypocentral depth is heavily dependent on the largely unknown local propagation properties. We gathered a learning set of 42 earthquakes documented by reliable instrumental data and by numerous macroseismic intensity observations. We observe (1) that within 50 km from the epicenter the ground motion attenuation rate is primarily controlled by hypocentral depth and largely independent of magnitude, (2) that within this distance the fluctuations in crustal attenuation properties are negligible countrywide, and (3) that knowing both the depth and the expected epicentral intensity makes it possible to estimate a reliable magnitude.
    Description: INGV DPC, 2019–2021 agreement; All. A, WP 7
    Description: Published
    Description: 1007–1028
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: hypocentral depth ; magnitude ; macroseismology ; pre-instrumental earthquakes ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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