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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: the Era of the Three Gorges Dam
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2010
    In:  Clinical Microbiology Reviews Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2010-04), p. 442-466
    Details
    In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2010-04), p. 442-466
    Abstract: The potential impact of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on schistosomiasis transmission in China has invoked considerable global concern. The TGD will result in changes in the water level and silt deposition downstream, favoring the reproduction of Oncomelania snails. Combined with blockages of the Yangtze River's tributaries, these changes will increase the schistosomiasis transmission season within the marshlands along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The changing schistosome transmission dynamics necessitate a comprehensive strategy to control schistosomiasis. This review discusses aspects of the epidemiology and transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China and considers the pathology, clinical outcomes, diagnosis, treatment, immunobiology, and genetics of schistosomiasis japonica together with an overview of current progress in vaccine development, all of which will have an impact on future control efforts. The use of synchronous praziquantel (PZQ) chemotherapy for humans and domestic animals is only temporarily effective, as schistosome reinfection occurs rapidly. Drug delivery requires a substantial infrastructure to regularly cover all parts of an area of endemicity. This makes chemotherapy expensive and, as compliance is often low, a less than satisfactory control option. There is increasing disquiet about the possibility that PZQ-resistant schistosomes will develop. Consequently, as mathematical modeling predicts, vaccine strategies represent an essential component in the future control of schistosomiasis in China. With the inclusion of focal mollusciciding, improvements in sanitation, and health education into the control scenario, China's target of reducing the level of schistosome infection to less than 1% by 2015 may be achievable.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0893-8512 , 1098-6618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00044-09
    RVK:
    XA 36863
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497041-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: Prospects and Challenges for the 21st Century
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2001
    In:  Clinical Microbiology Reviews Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2001-04), p. 270-295
    Details
    In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2001-04), p. 270-295
    Abstract: Schistosomiasis japonica is a serious communicable disease and a major disease risk for more than 30 million people living in the tropical and subtropical zones of China. Infection remains a major public health concern despite 45 years of intensive control efforts. It is estimated that 865,000 people and 100,250 bovines are today infected in the provinces where the disease is endemic, and its transmission continues. Unlike the other schistosome species known to infect humans, the oriental schistosome, Schistosoma japonicum, is a true zoonotic organism, with a range of mammalian reservoirs, making control efforts extremely difficult. Clinical features of schistosomiasis range from fever, headache, and lethargy to severe fibro-obstructive pathology leading to portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatosplenomegaly, which can cause premature death. Infected children are stunted and have cognitive defects impairing memory and learning ability. Current control programs are heavily based on community chemotherapy with a single dose of the drug praziquantel, but vaccines (for use in bovines and humans) in combination with other control strategies are needed to make elimination of the disease possible. In this article, we provide an overview of the biology, epidemiology, clinical features, and prospects for control of oriental schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0893-8512 , 1098-6618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.2.270-295.2001
    RVK:
    XA 36863
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497041-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2019
    In:  Clinical Microbiology Reviews Vol. 32, No. 2 ( 2019-03-20)
    Details
    In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 32, No. 2 ( 2019-03-20)
    Abstract: Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). This serious and near-cosmopolitan disease continues to be a significant public health issue, with western China being the area of highest endemicity for both the cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) forms of echinococcosis. Considerable advances have been made in the 21st century on the genetics, genomics, and molecular epidemiology of the causative parasites, on diagnostic tools, and on treatment techniques and control strategies, including the development and deployment of vaccines. In terms of surgery, new procedures have superseded traditional techniques, and total cystectomy in CE, ex vivo resection with autotransplantation in AE, and percutaneous and perendoscopic procedures in both diseases have improved treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management, control, and prevention of CE and AE. Currently there is no alternative drug to albendazole to treat echinococcosis, and new compounds are required urgently. Recently acquired genomic and proteomic information can provide a platform for improving diagnosis and for finding new drug and vaccine targets, with direct impact in the future on the control of echinococcosis, which continues to be a global challenge.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0893-8512 , 1098-6618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00075-18
    RVK:
    XA 36863
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497041-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The mRNA Vaccine Technology Era and the Future Control of Parasitic Infections
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2023
    In:  Clinical Microbiology Reviews Vol. 36, No. 1 ( 2023-03-23)
    Details
    In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 36, No. 1 ( 2023-03-23)
    Abstract: Despite intensive long-term efforts, with very few exceptions, the development of effective vaccines against parasitic infections has presented considerable challenges, given the complexity of parasite life cycles, the interplay between parasites and their hosts, and their capacity to escape the host immune system and to regulate host immune responses. For many parasitic diseases, conventional vaccine platforms have generally proven ill suited, considering the complex manufacturing processes involved and the costs they incur, the inability to posttranslationally modify cloned target antigens, and the absence of long-lasting protective immunity induced by these antigens. An effective antiparasite vaccine platform is required to assess the effectiveness of novel vaccine candidates at high throughput. By exploiting the approach that has recently been used successfully to produce highly protective COVID mRNA vaccines, we anticipate a new wave of research to advance the use of mRNA vaccines to prevent parasitic infections in the near future. This article considers the characteristics that are required to develop a potent antiparasite vaccine and provides a conceptual foundation to promote the development of parasite mRNA-based vaccines. We review the recent advances and challenges encountered in developing antiparasite vaccines and evaluate the potential of developing mRNA vaccines against parasites, including those causing diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis, against which vaccines are currently suboptimal or not yet available.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0893-8512 , 1098-6618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00241-21
    RVK:
    XA 36863
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497041-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Membrane Technology for Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2021
    In:  Clinical Microbiology Reviews Vol. 34, No. 4 ( 2021-12-15)
    Details
    In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 34, No. 4 ( 2021-12-15)
    Abstract: Parasitic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect over one billion people worldwide, with individuals from communities in low-socioeconomic areas being most at risk and suffering the most. Disease management programs are hindered by the lack of infrastructure and resources for clinical sample collection, storage, and transport and a dearth of sensitive diagnostic methods that are inexpensive as well as accurate. Many diagnostic tests and tools have been developed for the parasitic NTDs, but the collection and storage of clinical samples for molecular and immunological diagnosis can be expensive due to storage, transport, and reagent costs, making these procedures untenable in most areas of endemicity. The application of membrane technology, which involves the use of specific membranes for either sample collection and storage or diagnostic procedures, can streamline this process, allowing for long-term sample storage at room temperature. Membrane technology can be used in serology-based diagnostic assays and for nucleic acid purification prior to molecular analysis. This facilitates the development of relatively simple and rapid procedures, although some of these methods, mainly due to costs, lack accessibility in low-socioeconomic regions of endemicity. New immunological procedures and nucleic acid storage, purification, and diagnostics protocols that are simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective must be developed as countries progress control efforts toward the elimination of the parasitic NTDs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0893-8512 , 1098-6618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00329-20
    RVK:
    XA 36863
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497041-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Concepts in Immunology and Diagnosis of Hydatid Disease
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2003
    In:  Clinical Microbiology Reviews Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2003-01), p. 18-36
    Details
    In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 2003-01), p. 18-36
    Abstract: Echinococcosis is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by adult or larval stages of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). The two major species of medical and public health importance are Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, which cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. Both CE and AE are both serious diseases, the latter especially so, with a high fatality rate and poor prognosis if managed inappropriately. This review discusses new concepts and approaches in the immunology and diagnosis of CE, but comparative reference has also been made to AE infection and to earlier pivotal studies of both diseases. The review considers immunity to infection in the intermediate and definitive hosts, innate resistance, evasion of the immune system, and vaccination of intermediate and definitive hosts, and it particularly emphasizes procedures for diagnosis of CE and AE, including the value of immunodiagnostic approaches. There is also discussion of the new advances in recombinant and related DNA technologies, especially application of PCR, that are providing powerful tools in the fields of vaccinology and molecular diagnosis of echinococcosis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0893-8512 , 1098-6618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.1.18-36.2003
    RVK:
    XA 36863
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497041-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2015
    In:  Clinical Microbiology Reviews Vol. 28, No. 4 ( 2015-10), p. 939-967
    Details
    In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 28, No. 4 ( 2015-10), p. 939-967
    Abstract: Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0893-8512 , 1098-6618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00137-14
    RVK:
    XA 36863
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497041-7
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Current Status of Vaccines for Schistosomiasis
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2008
    In:  Clinical Microbiology Reviews Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2008-01), p. 225-242
    Details
    In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2008-01), p. 225-242
    Abstract: Schistosomiasis, caused by trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma , is recognized as the most important human helminth infection in terms of morbidity and mortality. Infection follows direct contact with freshwater harboring free-swimming larval (cercaria) forms of the parasite. Despite the existence of the highly effective antischistosome drug praziquantel (PZQ), schistosomiasis is spreading into new areas, and although it is the cornerstone of current control programs, PZQ chemotherapy does have limitations. In particular, mass treatment does not prevent reinfection. Furthermore, there is increasing concern about the development of parasite resistance to PZQ. Consequently, vaccine strategies represent an essential component for the future control of schistosomiasis as an adjunct to chemotherapy. An improved understanding of the immune response to schistosome infection, both in animal models and in humans, suggests that development of a vaccine may be possible. This review considers aspects of antischistosome protective immunity that are important in the context of vaccine development. The current status in the development of vaccines against the African ( Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium ) and Asian ( S. japonicum ) schistosomes is then discussed, as are new approaches that may improve the efficacy of available vaccines and aid in the identification of new targets for immune attack.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0893-8512 , 1098-6618
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00046-07
    RVK:
    XA 36863
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497041-7
    SSG: 12
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