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  • Medicine  (3)
  • XA 10000 ; XA 552555  (3)
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  • Medicine  (3)
RVK
  • XA 10000 ; XA 552555  (3)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Visual and Auditory Alertness: Modality-Specific and Supramodal Neural Mechanisms and Their Modulation by Nicotine
    American Physiological Society ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 97, No. 4 ( 2007-04), p. 2758-2768
    Details
    In: Journal of Neurophysiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 97, No. 4 ( 2007-04), p. 2758-2768
    Abstract: Alertness is a nonselective attention component that refers to a state of general readiness that improves stimulus processing and response initiation. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify neural correlates of visual and auditory alertness. A further aim was to investigate the modulatory effects of the cholinergic agonist nicotine. Nonsmoking participants were given either placebo or nicotine (NICORETTE gum, 2 mg) and performed a target-detection task with warned and unwarned trials in the visual and auditory modality. Our results provide evidence for modality-specific correlates of visual and auditory alertness in respective higher-level sensory cortices and in posterior parietal and frontal brain areas. The only region commonly involved in visual and auditory alertness was the right superior temporal gyrus. A connectivity analysis showed that this supramodal region exhibited modality-dependent coupling with respective higher sensory cortices. Nicotine was found to mainly decrease visual and auditory alertness-related activity in several brain regions, which was evident as a significant interaction of nicotine-induced decreases in BOLD signal in warned trials and increases in unwarned trials. The cholinergic drug also affected alerting-dependent activity in the supramodal right superior temporal gyrus; here the effect was the result of a significant increase of neural activity in unwarned trials. We conclude that the role of the right superior temporal gyrus is to induce an “alert” state in response to warning cues and thereby optimize stimulus processing and responding. We speculate that nicotine increases brain mechanisms of alertness specifically in conditions where no extrinsic warning is provided.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3077 , 1522-1598
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jn.00017.2007
    RVK:
    XA 10000 ; XA 552555
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80161-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467889-5
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    Online Resource
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Feedback that confirms reward expectation triggers auditory cortex activity
    American Physiological Society ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 110, No. 8 ( 2013-10-15), p. 1860-1868
    Details
    In: Journal of Neurophysiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 110, No. 8 ( 2013-10-15), p. 1860-1868
    Abstract: Associative learning studies have shown that the anticipation of reward and punishment shapes the representation of sensory stimuli, which is further modulated by dopamine. Less is known about whether and how reward delivery activates sensory cortices and the role of dopamine at that time point of learning. We used an appetitive instrumental learning task in which participants had to learn that a specific class of frequency-modulated tones predicted a monetary reward following fast and correct responses in a succeeding reaction time task. These fMRI data were previously analyzed regarding the effect of reward anticipation, but here we focused on neural activity to the reward outcome relative to the reward expectation and tested whether such activation in the reward reception phase is modulated by l-DOPA. We analyzed neural responses at the time point of reward outcome under three different conditions: 1) when a reward was expected and received, 2) when a reward was expected but not received, and 3) when a reward was not expected and not received. Neural activity in auditory cortex was enhanced during feedback delivery either when an expected reward was received or when the expectation of obtaining no reward was correct. This differential neural activity in auditory cortex was only seen in subjects who learned the reward association and not under dopaminergic modulation. Our data provide evidence that auditory cortices are active at the time point of reward outcome. However, responses are not dependent on the reward itself but on whether the outcome confirmed the subject's expectations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3077 , 1522-1598
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jn.00128.2013
    RVK:
    XA 10000 ; XA 552555
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80161-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467889-5
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Attention and Emotion on Repetition Priming and Their Modulation by Cholinergic Enhancement
    American Physiological Society ; 2003
    In:  Journal of Neurophysiology Vol. 90, No. 2 ( 2003-08), p. 1171-1181
    Details
    In: Journal of Neurophysiology, American Physiological Society, Vol. 90, No. 2 ( 2003-08), p. 1171-1181
    Abstract: We examined whether behavioral and neural effects of repeating faces are modulated by independent factors of selective attention, emotion, and cholinergic enhancement, during functional MRI. Face repetition occurred either between task-relevant (spatially attended) or task-irrelevant (unattended) stimuli; faces could be fearful or neutral; subjects received either placebo or physostigmine. Under placebo, a reaction time advantage occurred with repetition (i.e., priming) that did not differ between levels of attention, but was attenuated with emotion. Inferior temporo-occipital cortex demonstrated repetition decreases to both attended and unattended faces, and showed either equivalent or greater repetition decreases with emotional compared with neutral faces. By contrast, repetition decreases were attenuated for emotional relative to neutral faces in lateral orbitofrontal cortex. These results distinguish automatic repetition effects in sensory cortical regions from repetition effects modulated by emotion in orbitofrontal cortex, which parallel behavioral effects. Under physostigmine, unlike placebo, behavioral repetition effects were seen selectively for attended faces only, whereas emotional faces no longer impaired priming. Physostigmine enhanced repetition decreases in inferior occipital cortex selectively for attended faces, and reversed the emotional interaction with repetition in lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Thus we show that cholinergic enhancement both augments a neural signature of priming and modulates the effects of attention and emotion on behavioral and neural consequences of repetition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3077 , 1522-1598
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1152/jn.00776.2002
    RVK:
    XA 10000 ; XA 552555
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Physiological Society
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 80161-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1467889-5
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Online Resource
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