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  • 1
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    SOFAR float trajectories in the tropical Atlantic 1989-1992 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats at nominal depths of 800 m, 1800 m, and 3300 m were tracked acoustically for 3.7 years in the vicinity of the western boundary and the equator of the Atlantic Ocean. Trajectories and summaries from the whole experiment are shown along with detailed trajectories from the second setting of the listening stations, October 1990 to September 1992. Some highlights are mentioned below. Trajectories at 1800 m revealed a swift narrow southward flowing deep western boundary current (DWBC) extending from 7°N across the equator. Two floats directly crossed the equator in the DWBC and went to 10°S. Two other floats left the DWBC near the equator and drifted eastward. Three floats entered the DWBC from the equatorial current system and drifted southward. No obvious DWBC or swift equatorial currents were observed by the 3300 m floats. The 800 m floats plus some surface drifters measured seven anticyclonic eddies as they translated northwestward along the coast of South America in a band from the equator to 12°N. One of the floats (28) entered the Caribbean where tracking stopped. This float was again tracked as it drifted across the mid-Atlantic Ridge and entered the Canary Basin near 34°N 28°W after a gap of 2.7 years. We infer that this float went westward though the Caribbean and northeastward in the Gulf Stream. Float 17 drifted northward from 10°N to 22°N in an eastern boundary current off the coast of West Africa. Floats between 6°N-6°S (roughly) drifted long distances zonally in the equatorial current system.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grants Nos. OCE85-21082, OCE85-17375, and OCE91-14656.
    Keywords: SOFAR floats ; Sound Fixing And Ranging floats ; Equatorial currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 5169008 bytes
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  • 2
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    Warm water pathways in the northeastern North Atlantic ACCE RAFOS float data report November 1996 - November 1999 (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is the final data report of all acoustically tracked RAFOS float data collected by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1996-1999 during the Atlantic Climate Change Experiment (ACCE). The RAFOS float component of ACCE, entitled "Warm Water Pathways and Intergyre Exchange in the Northeastern North Atlantic," was designed to measure the warm water currents entering the northeastern North Atlantic which become the source of intermediate and deep waters in the subpolar region. The experiment was comprised of three RAFOS float deployments on the R/V Knorr: the first in fall 1996 along the continental slope seaward of Porcupine Bank, the second in spring 1997 along the mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the final deployment in fall 1997 along both the Ridge and the Bank. Seventy floats were deployed, 13 RAFOS and 2 ALFOS in fall 1996, 14 RAFOS in spring 1997, and 41 RAFOS in fall 1997. The isobaric ALFOS floats were ballasted for 800 decibars and were launched to monitor the regions' sound sources during the experiment. The RAFOS floats were isopycnal and ballasted for the 27.5 sigma-t surface to target the intermediate-depth North Atlantic and Poleward Eastern Boundary Currents. The objectives of the Lagrangian float study were (1) to provide a quantitative description of the bifurcation of the North Atlantic Current east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, (2) to assess the importance of meridional eddy fluxes, compared to large-scale advection, in the northward flux of heat and salt in the northeastern North Atlantic, and (3) to establish the degree of continuity of the Poleward Eastern Boundary Current as it flows to the entrance of the Norwegian Sea and the fate of the Mediterranean Outflow Water carried by this current.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number OCE-9831877.
    Keywords: North Atlantic Circulation ; Subpolar region ; Floats ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN147 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN151 ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN154
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 20499707 bytes
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  • 3
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    RAFOS float trajectories in Meddies during the Semaphore Experiment, 1993-1995 (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: As part of the Semaphore Experiment four Meddies (Mediterranean Water Eddies) were discovered in the Canary Basin and tracked with freely drifting RAFOS floats. An additional Meddy was discovered off Lisbon by Pingree (1995) and also tracked with RAFOS floats. One large and energetic Meddy, discovered 1700 km west of Cape St. Vincent, Portugal, set a distance and speed record as it translated another 1700 km southwestward at 3.9 cm/sec during the 1.5 years. This Meddy traveled 57% of the distance from Cape St. Vincent toward the spot McDowell and Rossby (1978) found a possible Meddy north of the Dominican Republic. Four Meddies collided with tall seamounts which seemed to disrupt the normal swirl velocity perhaps fatally in three cases. One Meddy appeared to bifurcate when it collided with seamounts. This report describes the float trajectories in the Meddies and summarizes the main results.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under contract number OCE 93-01234.
    Keywords: Meddies ; RAFOS floats ; Semaphore ; Ocean currents ; Mediterranean Sea ; Charles Darwin (Ship) Cruise ; Alcyon (Ship) Cruise ; Laperouse (Ship) Cruise ; Ailette (Ship) Cruise ; D'Entrecasteaux (Ship) Cruise ; Suroit (Ship) Cruise ; Pr. Stockman (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 3047929 bytes
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  • 4
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    Numerical simulations of Columbus’ Atlantic crossings (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The transatlantic route of Columbus was simulated incorporating historical winds, currents and hypothetical magnetic variation in order to estimate where the first landfall occured. Earlier simulations using an 1899 map by Van Bemmelen and assuming zero magnetic variation in the Bahamas to produce a landfall near San Salvador (Watlings Island). New theories postulating a Geometric league of 2.67 nautical miles and a westerly magnetic variation of approximately one point (11.25°) for the western terminus result in a landfall near the Turks and Caicos Islands. A westerly variation of this magnitude in the Bahamas has been inferred from early charts - the islands are shown several degrees too far north, which would have occurred if early navigators had been set imperceptibly southward by westerly variation - by studies of directions within the islands, and by studies of early navigation books. The simulation of subsequent voyages by Columbus lend further weight to a westerly variation of about one point in the region of Bahamas. Our work shows that a Grand Turk landfall cannot be ruled out based on the transatlantic portion of the voyage as has been suggested in the past. A more accurate simulation of the voyage and first landfall still requires a more accurate representation of the field of magnetic variation.
    Description: Funding was provided by a grant from the Nova Albion Foundation and the Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands.
    Keywords: Columbus voyage ; Historical currents ; Magnetic compass navigation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 1965518 bytes
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  • 5
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    SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment : summary and data from 1986-88 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three and a half year field program to measure the velocity field of the Mediterranean water in the eastern North Atlantic. The principal scientific goal was to learn how the Mediterranean salt tongue is produced by the general circulation and the eddy diffusion of the Canary Basin. Thirty-two floats were launched at depths near 1100 m: 14 in a cluster centered on 32°N, 24°W, with nearest neighbors at 20 km spacing, 10 at much wider spacing to explore regional variations of first order flow statistics, and 8 in three different Meddies (Mediterranean water eddies) in collaboration with investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island. The floats were launched in 1984 and 1985, and tracked with U.S. and French ALSs (moored listening stations) from October 1984 to June 1988. This report includes a summary of the whole three and a half year experiment, the final year and a half of data processed from the third ALS setting (October 1986-June 1988), and the first deep sea test of Bobber EB014 in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic (May 1986-May 1988). Approximately 60 years of float trajectories were produced during the three and a half years of the experiment.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant Nos. OCE 82-14066, OCE 85-17375, OCE 86-00055, OCE 88-22826.
    Keywords: SOFAR floats ; Canary Basin ; Mediterranean outflow ; Jean Charcot (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 5706092 bytes
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  • 6
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    SOFAR float trajectories from an experiment to measure the Atlantic cross equatorial flow (1989-1990) (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats at nominal depths of 800, 1800, and 3300 m were tracked for 21 months in the vicinity of western boundary currents near 6N and at several sites in the Atlantic near 11N and along the equator. Trajectories at 1800 m show a swift (〉50 cm/sec), narrow (100 km wide) southward-flowing Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) extending from 7N to the equator. At times (February-March 1989) DWBC water turned eastward and flowed along the equator and at other times (August-September 1990) the DWBC crossed the equator and continued southward. The mean velocity near the equator was eastward from February 1989 to February 1990 and westward from March 1990 to November 1990. Thus the cross-equatorial flow in the DWBC appeared to be linked to the direction of equatorial currents which varied over periods of more than a year. No obvious DWBC nor swift equatorial current was observed by 3300 m floats. Eight-hundred-meter floats revealed a northwestward intermediate level western boundary current although flow patterns were complicated. Three floats that significantly contributed to the northwestward flow looped in anticyclonic eddies that translated up the coast at 8 cm/sec. Six 800 m floats drifted eastward along the equator between 5S and 6N at a mean velocity of 11 cm/sec; one reached 5W in the Gulf of Guinea, suggesting that the equatorial current extended at least 35-40° along the equator. Three of these floats reversed direction near the end of the tracking period, implying low frequency fluctuations.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant Nos. OCE-8521082, OCE-8517375, and OCE-9114656.
    Keywords: SOFAR floats ; Equatorial currents ; Deep Western Boundary Current ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise ; Columbus Iselin (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 5430190 bytes
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  • 7
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    SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86 (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year-long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32°N, 24°W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24°N to 37°N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a Meddy, a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. In October, 1985, seven additional floats were launched, four in three different Meddies, one of which was tracked during year 1. This report describes the second year of the floats launched in 1984 and the first year of the ones launched in 1985. Approximately 41 years of float trajectories were produced during the first two years of the experiment. One of the striking accomplishments is the successful tracking of one Meddy over two full years plus the tracking of two other Meddies during the second year.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055.
    Keywords: Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32N, 24W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24N to 37N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. Slightly over twenty years of float trajectories were p reduced during the first year of the experiment. In this report we briefly describe the 1984 field operations and show the first year's SOFAR float data. Perhaps the most striking result is that westward flow within the Mediterranean salt tongue was found to be confined to a rather narrow jet {roughly 150 km in meridional extent) which had a mean speed of roughly 2 em s -l. To the north or south of this jet the mean flow was much weaker and eastward. This suggests that currents associated with the salt tongue itself {rather than the gyre scale circulation) may be most important for determining the salt distribution.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. OCE 82-14066 and OCE 86-00055.
    Keywords: Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 9
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    Surface drifter measurements in the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS III) June 1988-December 1989 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Forty freely drifting drogued buoys were tracked by satellite in the western tropical Pacific from June 1988 to January 1, 1990, as part of WEPOCS III. The data consist of buoy trajectories and sea surface temperature and velocity along trajectories. The main results presented here are the collection of figures which show trajectories and time series data in the South Equatorial Current, the North Equatorial Countercurrent, the Mindanao Current, and the North Equartorial Current. One striking result is that we obtained the first quasi-synoptic map of surface velocity in this region that shows the major currents and their interconnections.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE 87-16509.
    Keywords: Drifters ; Western Equatorial Pacific ; Currents ; Moana Wave (Ship) Cruise WEPOCS III ; Xiang Yang Hong 14 (Ship) Cruise WEPOCS III
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 3645441 bytes
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  • 10
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    Reconstructing Columbus’s first transatlantic track and landfall using climatological winds and currents (2011)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: An article in the November 1986 National Geographic magazine examined the question of Columbus's first landfall in the Americas. The author, Luis Marden, was the first to quantitatively include the effects of the winds and currents in reconstructing the transoceanic portion of the voyage. There seemed, however, to be two major weaknesses in his analysis. First, the leeway effect on the ship by the wind was ignored for that portion of the voyage west of 40W, the whole second half of the voyage. Second, currents from pilot charts were used with the corresponding speed determined by the prevailing current. We sought to reanalyze the track using the leeway effect for the whole transatlantic track and using more appropriate average vector velocities of the current. Using climatological winds and currents we found the island of San Salvador (Watling Island) to be the most likely site of the first landfall of Columbus. This paper discusses the effects of wind, current, leeway, and magnetic variation on the determination of the landfall.
    Description: Funding was provided in part by the National Science Foundation under grant Number DCE 85-14885.
    Keywords: Winds ; Ocean currents ; Transatlantic voyages
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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