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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osteoblast and osteoclast precursors in primary cultures of calvarial bone cells (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 214 (1986), S. 32-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Bone cells obtained by digestion of fetal mouse or chicken calvaria were tested for their ability to form or resorb bone in vitro. The isolated cells were precultured for 6 days and subsequently cocultured for 11 days with periosteum-free noninvaded fetal mouse long bone rudiments. Bone formation and resorption during coculture were evaluated by histology and 45Ca release from prelabeled bones. The calvarial origin of cells in cocultures was traced by labeling the cells with 3H-thymidine before coculture, followed by autoradiography.Many osteoblasts and osteoclasts as well as fibroblasts developed from mouse periosteal cells released late in the sequential digestion procedure and previously denoted as “osteoblastlike” (BL). No or few osteoblasts and osteoclasts but many fibroblasts developed from early released cell fractions that have previously been denoted as “osteoclastlike” (CL).Only osteoblasts and fibroblasts but not osteoclasts developed from chicken calvarial cell fractions. The osteoblasts developed primarily from cell fractions from the inner layer of the periosteum, previously denoted as “osteoblastlike” (OB). Cells obtained from the outer layer of the periosteum (PF) gave rise mainly to fibroblasts.These studies show that osteoblast and osteoclast precursor cells are maintained in monolayer cultures of periosteal cell fractions. However, sequential digestion of mouse calvaria does not lead to separation of the two types of bone cells. Rather, osteoclast and osteoblast precursors are released jointly, from the periosteal cell layers closest to the bone surface. In the chicken cell fractions osteoclast precursors are absent after preculture, resulting in a more homogeneous population of osteoblast and fibroblast but not osteoclast precursors.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092140106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function of osteocytes in bone (1994)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 55 (1994), S. 287-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: osteocyte ; gap junction ; cytoskeleton ; extracellular matrix ; osteocytic osteolysis ; bone membrane ; functional adaptation ; mechanical loading ; strain ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Although the structural design of cellular bone (i.e., bone containing osteocytes that are regularly spaced throughout the bone matrix) dates back to the first occurrence of bone as a tissue in evolution, and although osteocytes represent the most abundant cell type of bone, we know as yet little about the role of the osteocyte in bone metabolism. Osteocytes descend from osteoblasts. They are formed by the incorporation of osteoblasts into the bone matrix. Osteocytes remain in contact with each other and with cells on the bone surface via gap junction-coupled cell processes passing through the matrix via small channels, the canaliculi, that connect the cell body-containing lacunae with each other and with the outside world. During differentiation from osteoblast to mature osteocyte the cells lose a large part of their cell organelles. Their cell processes are packed with microfilaments. In this review we discuss the various theories on osteocyte function that have taken in consideration these special features of osteocytes. These are (1) osteocytes are actively involved in bone turnover; (2) the osteocyte network is through its large cell-matrix contact surface involved in ion exchange; and (3) osteocytes are the mechanosensory cells of bone and play a pivotal role in functional adaptation of bone. In our opinion, especially the last theory offers an exciting concept for which some biomechanical, biochemical, and cell biological evidence is already available and which fully warrants further investigations. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240550304
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical loading stimulates the release of transforming growth factor-β activity by cultured mouse calvariae and periosteal cells (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 163 (1995), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have shown earlier that mechanical stimulation by intermittent hydrostatic compression (IHC) inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in cultured fetal mouse calvariae (Klein-Nulend et al., 1986, Arthritis Rheum., 29:1002-1009). The production of soluble bone factors by such calvariae is also modified (Klein-Nulend et al., 1993, Cell Tissue Res., 271:513-517). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an important local regulator of bone metabolism and is produced by osteoblasts. In this study, the release of TGF-β activity as a result of mechanical stress was examined in organ cultures of neonatal mouse calvariae, in primary cultures of calvariae-derived osteoprogenitor (OPR) cells, and in more differentiated osteoblastic (OB) cells. Whole calvariae and calvariaederived cells were cultured in the presence or absence of IHC for 1-7 days and medium concentrations of active as well as total TGF-β were measured using a bioassay. IHC (maximum 13 kPa, maximal pressure rate 32.5 kPa/sec) was generated by intermittently (0.3 Hz) compressing the gas phase above the cultures. We found that mechanical loading by IHC stimulated the release of TGF-β activity from cultured calvariae by twofold after 1 day. IHC also stimulated the release of TGF-β activity from calvariae-derived cells after 1 and 3 days. The absolute amounts of TGF-β activity released were lower in OPR cells than in OB cells, but the stimulatory effect of IHC was greater in OPR cells. Total TGF-β (active and bound) released into the medium was not affected by IHC. IHC did not change the dry weight of the organ cultures, nor the DNA or protein content of the cell cultures. These data show that mechanical perturbation of bone cells, particularly OPR cells, enhances the activation of released TGF-β. We conclude that modulation of TGF-β metabolism may be part of the response of bone tissue to mechanical stress. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041630113
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