Note: Front Cover -- On Human Nature -- On Human Nature: Biology, Psychology, Ethics, Politics, and Religion -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Editors' Biographies -- Foreword -- Preface -- I - Biological Basis of Human Diversity -- 1 - The Advent of Biological Evolution and Humankind: Chance or Necessity? -- CHANCE AND NECESSITY -- EPIGENETIC PROCESSES -- WHAT IS A HOMININ? -- HUMAN SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES -- THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF HUMANS -- CHANCE AND NECESSITY IN HUMAN EVOLUTION -- CAN ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGES OF BIPEDALISM BE IDENTIFIED? -- ``PARTIAL'' VERSUS ``COMPLETE'' BIPEDALISM -- THE TWO ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGES OF BIPEDALISM -- THE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Hominins: Context, Origins, and Taxic Diversity -- HOMININS LOCATED IN THE TREE OF LIFE -- CANDIDATES FOR THE STEM HOMININ -- Ardipithecus ramidus -- Orrorin tugenensis -- Sahelanthropus tchadensis -- Ardipithecus kadabba -- ASSESSING THE CLAIMS FOR HOMININ STATUS -- LADDER OR BUSH? -- EVIDENCE OF TAXIC DIVERSITY WITHIN THE HOMININ CLADE -- 7.0-5.0MA -- Evidence of Diversity -- 5.0-4.0MA -- Australopithecus anamensis -- Evidence of Diversity -- 4.0-3.0MA -- Australopithecus afarensis -- Australopithecus bahrelghazali -- Kenyanthropus platyops -- Australopithecus deyiremeda -- Burtele Foot -- Evidence of Diversity -- 3.0-2.5MA -- Australopithecus africanus -- Paranthropus aethiopicus -- LD 350-1 -- Evidence of Diversity -- 2.5-2.0MA -- Paranthropus boisei -- Homo habilis sensu lato -- Paranthropus aethiopicus -- Australopithecus garhi -- Evidence of Diversity -- 2.0-1.5MA -- Homo erectus -- Paranthropus robustus -- Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis sensu lato -- Homo ergaster -- Homo rudolfensis -- Homo georgicus -- Australopithecus sediba -- Evidence of Diversity -- 1.5-1.0MA. , Homo erectus, Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, and Homo ergaster -- Homo antecessor -- Evidence of Diversity -- 1.0-0.25MA -- Homo erectus -- Homo heidelbergensis -- Homo rhodesiensis -- Homo helmei -- Sima de los Huesos -- Homo antecessor -- Evidence of Diversity -- 0.25MA TO THE PRESENT -- Homo sapiens -- Homo neanderthalensis -- Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis -- Homo floresiensis -- Denisovans -- Evidence of Diversity -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - The History of Early Homo -- THE FIRST HOMO -- THE DISCOVERY OF HOMO ERECTUS -- DMANISI -- HOMININS -- PALEOENVIRONMENT -- STONE TOOLS -- POST-HOMO ERECTUS EVIDENCE -- HOBBIT -- CONCLUSION: WHAT WE LEARNED FROM THE DMANISI CASE -- The Question: Is Homo habilis the First Homo? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 4 - The Contribution of Genetic Ancestry From Archaic Humans to Modern Humans -- MODELS OF HUMAN ORIGINS -- OTHER ARCHAIC HUMAN GENOMES -- ARCHAIC GENOMES AND MODERN HUMAN DISPERSALS -- ARCHAIC GENOMES AND SELECTION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - World Dispersals and Genetic Diversity of Mankind: The Out-of-Africa Theory and Its Challenges -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND MODELS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION -- Coalescent Theory and Mitochondrial Eve -- Hypothesis Compatibility Versus Hypothesis Testing -- Computer Simulations With Bayesian Hypothesis Testing -- Building Models Through Hypothesis Testing -- Ancient DNA Studies -- FOSSILS, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND MODELS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION -- One Human Lineage or Multiple Species? -- Concordance of Fossils and Archaeology With Models of Human Evolution -- IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTION FOR CURRENT PATTERNS OF HUMAN GENETIC DIVERSITY -- The Impact of Gene Flow and Admixture on Genetic Diversity -- To Tree or Not to Tree, That Is the Question. , Do Human Races Exist? -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Hypothesis Testing in Scientific Inference -- THE EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC UNITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Human Population Variability and Its Adaptive Significance -- A MANKIND POPULATION GENETICS FRAMEWORK FOR APPLIED RESEARCH -- Most Genetic Variation Occurs Within Continental Groups -- Clines, Clusters, Clinal Clusters, Trees? -- Russian Dolls Everywhere -- All Admixed -- Toward Homogenization? -- Ancestry Informative Markers Versus Self-Reported Ancestry -- The Contribution of Ancient DNA: Archaic Adaptative Introgression -- Old Debates Revisited: Basques, Indo-Europeans, and Jews -- Out-of-Africa and That's It? Not So Simple -- RARITY MATTERS: RARE VARIANTS AND LOW FREQUENCY VARIANTS -- COPY NUMBER MATTERS: STRUCTURAL VARIATION -- NOT ONLY GENES: REGULATION IS A MAJOR ACTOR -- WHAT ABOUT PHENOTYPIC GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION? -- ABUNDANT INDICATIONS FOR RECENT AND GEOGRAPHICALLY DIFFERENTIATED EVOLUTION -- Mountaineers -- White-Skinned, Blue-Eyed -- Milk Drinkers -- Other Examples of Recent Evolution -- Coevolution Between Culture and Genetics -- Brain Genes and Cognition -- CONCLUSION -- GLOSSARY OF SPECIALIZED TERMS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Evolution and Implications of Genomic Diversity on ``Human Kind'' in India -- INTRODUCTION -- PEOPLING OF INDIA -- Early Settlers -- Autochthonous Expansions -- Arrival of Neolithic Farmers -- Population Stratification -- Enigma of Dravidian Land -- Deccan, Dry Land Farmers, and NRY HG L1 -- Demic Expansion -- Settled Agriculture -- Culture, an Isolation Parameter -- IMPLICATIONS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE -- Not All the Infected Develop the Disease -- Lotus and Cactus Model -- Pharmacogenomics -- Survival Dictum -- INDIA: GRANDEST EXPERIMENT OF NATURE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , 8 - The Human Brain: Evolution and Distinctive Features -- INTRODUCTION -- SOME BASIC NEUROANATOMY -- THEMES AND THEORIES IN HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION -- Association Cortex Enlargement by the Addition of Areas -- Association Cortex Expansion, Without Internal Compartmentation -- Association Cortex Enlargement With the Same Areas, but Reorganized -- Humans as Scaled-Up Apes -- EVOLUTION OF BRAIN SIZE AND EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY -- INTERNAL CHANGES -- Enlargement of Higher-Order Cortex and Thalamus -- Changes in Areal Organization, Function, and Connectivity -- Evidence for New Areas? -- Evolutionary Modifications of Sensory and Limbic Cortex -- Microstructural Changes -- MOLECULAR SPECIALIZATIONS RELEVANT TO HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - How Different Are Humans and ``Great Apes''? A Matrix of Comparative Anthropogeny -- THE CHALLENGE OF COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY -- OUR EVOLUTIONARY HERITAGE AND PRIMATE NATURE -- Classification -- Common Phenotypic Features of Humans -- Comparative Genomics -- COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY -- What Is Anthropogeny? -- A Comprehensive Comparative Approach Is Needed -- Limited Information Is Available on the Phenomes of Nonhuman Hominids -- Ethical and Practical Limitations on Further Acquisition of Information -- Body, Mind, and Society of Humans Show Major Departures From Those of ``Great Apes'' -- MATRIX OF COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY -- Origins and Rationale -- Goals -- Organization Into Domains of Human Knowledge -- SELECTED EXAMPLES OF COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY -- Anatomy and Biomechanics -- Behavior -- Cell Biology and Chemistry -- Cognition -- Communication -- Culture -- Dental Biology and Disease -- Development -- Ecology -- Endocrinology -- General Life History -- Genetics -- Genomics -- Immunology -- Medical Diseases -- Mental Disease -- Neuroscience -- Nutrition. , Organ Physiology -- Pathology -- Pharmacology -- Reproductive Biology and Disease -- Skin Biology and Disease -- Social Organization -- TOPIC TIMELINES AND RELATIONSHIPS -- GENERATING NETWORKS OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MATRIX OF COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY TOPICS -- SYNTHESIS WITH EXISTING THEORIES OF HUMAN ORIGINS -- CAVEAT: ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES IS NOT EVIDENCE FOR ABSENCE -- MOVING THE GOALPOSTS -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Human Intergroup Variation and Disease Genetics -- INTRODUCTION -- BRIEF REVIEW OF POPULATION STRUCTURE AND RECENT EVOLUTION IN HUMANS -- LOOKING FOR DISEASE GENES: CANDIDATE GENES, GWAS, WGS -- CD/CV, RV -- MENDELIAN DISEASES AROUND THE WORLD -- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLEX DISEASES -- Cardiovascular Diseases -- Diabetes and the Thrifty Hypothesis -- Psychological Disorders and Mental Illness -- Respiratory Diseases: Asthma -- Cancer -- Group Differences in Various Forms of Cancer -- Leukemia -- Melanoma -- Breast Cancer -- TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES, STILL THE MAIN FACTOR OF NATURAL SELECTION IN HUMANS -- Coevolution Between Humans and Pathogens: A Red Queen Story -- Selective Pressure and Agriculture -- Human Leukocyte Antigen Features -- Coevolution and the Red Queen Hypothesis -- Geographical Differences -- Infectious Diseases and History -- Different Populations, Different Diseases, Different Genes -- Malaria -- AIDS -- Human African Trypanosomiasis -- Other Transmissible Diseases -- Different Human Populations Carry Different Pathogen Strains -- Impact of Human Behavior on Infectious Disease Transmission: The Niche Construction Theory and the Baldwin Effect -- INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: THE HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS -- RESISTANCE ALLELES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Natural Selection Associated With Infectious Diseases. , INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND HUMAN EVOLUTION.

Note: Intro -- FrontMatter -- Arthur M. Sackler, M.D. 1913-1987 -- Contents -- Preface to the *In the Light of Evolution* Series -- Preface to *In the Light of Evolution, Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin* -- Part I: NATURAL SELECTION, OR ADAPTATION TO NATURE -- 1 Natural Selection inAction During Speciation--Sara Via -- 2 Adaptive Radiations:From Field to Genomic Studies--Scott A. Hodges and Nathan J. Derieg -- 3 Genetics and Ecological Speciation--Dolph Schluter and Gina L. Conte -- 4 Cascades of Convergent Evolution: The Corresponding Evolutionary Histories of Euglenozoans and Dinoflagellates--Julius Lukeš, Brian S. Leander, and Patrick J. Keeling -- Part II: ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, OR ADAPTATION TO HUMAN DEMANDS -- 5 From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets, an Evolutionary View of Domestication--Carlos A. Driscoll, David W. Macdonald, and Stephen J. O'Brien -- 6 Tracking Footprints of Maize Domestication and Evidence for a Massive Selective Sweep on Chromosome 10--Feng Tian, Natalie M. Stevens, and Edward S. Buckler IV -- 7 Human-Induced Evolution Caused by Unnatural Selection Through Harvest of Wild Animals--Fred W. Allendorf and Jeffrey J. Hard -- 8 In the Light of Directed Evolution: Pathways of Adaptive Protein Evolution--Jesse D. Bloom and Frances H. Arnold -- Part III: SEXUAL SELECTION, OR ADAPTATION TO MATING DEMANDS -- 9 Mate Choice and Sexual Selection: What Have We Learned Since Darwin?--Adam G. Jones and Nicholas L. Ratterman -- 10 Sexual Selection and Mating Systems--Stephen M. Shuster -- 11 Reproductive Decisions Under Ecological Constraints: It's About Time--Patricia Adair Gowaty and Stephen P. Hubbell -- 12 Postcopulatory Sexual Selection: Darwin's Omission and Its Consequences--William G. Eberhard -- Part IV: THE DARWINIAN LEGACY, 150 YEARS LATER -- 13 Darwin and the Scientific Method--Francisco J. Ayala. , 14 The Darwinian Revolution: Rethinking Its Meaningand Significance--Michael Ruse -- 15 Did Darwin Write *the Origin* Backwards?--Elliott Sober -- 16 Darwin's Place in the History of Thought: A Reevaluation--Robert J. Richards -- 17 Darwin's "Strange Inversion of Reasoning"--Daniel Dennett -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Evolution, genetics, and systematics -- 1.1 The theory of evolution -- 1.2 Population and evolutionary genetics -- 1.3 Taxonomy -- 1.4 The study of the fossil record -- 2 Taxonomy -- 2.1 Taxonomic considerations of the tribe Hominini -- 2.2 Traits of the human lineage -- 2.3 Beyond morphology: fossil footprints -- 2.4 Bipedalism and adaptation -- 3 The hominin lineage -- 3.1 The origin of hominins -- 3.2 A scenario for the human evolution -- 3.3 The Rift Valley site -- 3.4. South Africa sites -- 3.5 Sites to the north of the Rift Valley -- 4 Miocene and Lower Pliocene hominins -- 4.1 Miocene hominins -- 4.2 The role of locomotion in the divergence of hominoid lineages -- 4.3 Change in the Lower Pliocene: genus Australopithecus -- 4.4 Australopithecus afarensis -- 4.5 Australopithecus anamensis -- 4.6 Miocene human genera -- 4.7 First phylogenetic changes in the tribe Hominini -- 4.8 Phylogenetic relationships of the Miocene and Lower Pliocene hominins -- 5 Middle and Upper Pliocene hominins -- 5.1 What can be included in Australopithecus? -- 5.2 Australopithecines found outside the Rift: South Africa -- 5.3 Australopithecines found outside the Rift: Chad -- 5.4 The diversification of Australopithecus in the Rift Valley during Middle and Upper Pleistocene -- 5.5 Adaptation -- an Upper Pliocene difference -- 5.6 Dental enamel and diet -- 5.7 The genus Paranthropus -- 5.8 Consistency of the evolutionary scheme for the "gracile" and "robust" australopithecines in the Middle and Upper Pliocene -- 6 The emergence of the genus Homo -- 6.1 Homo habilis -- 6.2 The taxon Homo rudolfensis -- 6.3 Homo gautengensis -- 6.4 Homo naledi -- 6.5 Homo georgicus -- 6.6 The transition to Homo -- 6.7 Monophyly of the first Homo -- 6.8 The geographical issue-dispersal of ancient hominins in Africa -- 7 Lithic traditions: tool-making. , 7.1 Pre-cultural uses of tools -- 7.2 Taphonomic indications of culture -- 7.3 Mode 1: Oldowan culture -- 7.4 The transition Mode 1 (Oldowan) to Mode 2 (Acheulean) -- 7.5 Beyond tools: the use of fire -- 7.6 The transition Mode 2 (Acheulean) to Mode 3 (Mousterian) -- 7.7 The African Middle Stone Age -- 8 Middle and Lower Pleistocene: the Homo radiation -- 8.1 Is Homo erectus a well-defined species? -- 8.2 The first exit out of Africa -- 8.3 Homo erectus characterization -- 8.4 African specimens (Homo ergaster) -- 8.5 Asian specimens of Homo erectus -- 8.6 The colonization of Europe -- 8.7 An evolutionary model for the hominins of the Lower and Middle Pleistocene -- 9 Hominin transition to Upper Pliocene -- 9.1 European archaic Homo sapiens -- 9.2 African archaic Homo sapiens -- 9.3 African hominins from the Mindel-Riss interglacial period -- 9.4 Asian archaic Homo sapiens -- 9.5 Are the transitional species between Homo ergaster and Homo sapiens necessary? -- 9.6 Homo floresiensis -- 10 Species of the Upper Pleistocene -- 10.1 Homo neanderthalensis -- 10.2 Homo sapiens -- 11 Neanderthals and modern humans: similarities and differences -- 11.1 Genetic distance between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens -- 11.2 Brain distance between Neanderthals and modern humans -- 11.3 Cognitive distance between Neanderthals and modern humans -- Glossary -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Evolution, Explanation, Ethics, and Aesthetics -- Evolution, Explanation, Ethics, and Aesthetics -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- I - Evolution -- 1 - The Darwinian Revolution -- INTRODUCTION -- GREEK ANTIQUITY -- CHRISTIANITY AND EUROPE UNTIL DARWIN -- CHARLES DARWIN -- COPERNICUS AND DARWIN -- DARWIN'S THEORY -- DARWIN AND WALLACE -- THE DARWINIAN AFTERMATH -- DARWIN AND MENDEL -- THE SYNTHETIC THEORY -- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY -- EARTH SCIENCES, BIOGEOGRAPHY, AND ECOLOGY -- THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES -- 2 - Evolution Is a "Fact" -- INTRODUCTION -- THE UNIVERSE -- BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION -- THE "FACT" OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION -- THE FOSSIL RECORD -- ARCHAEOPTERYX AND TIKTAALIK -- EXTINCTION -- ANATOMICAL SIMILARITIES -- EMBRYONIC SIMILARITIES AND VESTIGES -- BIOGEOGRAPHY -- HAWAII'S BIOLOGICAL CAULDRON -- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY -- 3. Life's Origin -- Introduction -- The Unity of Life -- Early Life -- What Is Life? -- Life in the Laboratory? -- Heredity -- Origins -- 4 - LUCA and the Tree of Life -- INTRODUCTION -- TAXONOMY -- HOMOLOGY AND ANALOGY -- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY -- CLADOGENESIS AND ANAGENESIS: EVOLUTIONARY TREES -- Distance Methods -- Maximum Parsimony Methods -- Maximum Likelihood Methods -- EVALUATION OF EVOLUTIONARY TREES -- THE MOLECULAR CLOCK -- THE NEUTRALITY THEORY OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION -- 5 - Three Grand Challenges of Human Biology -- INTRODUCTION -- LIFE TO HUMAN -- HUMAN ORIGINS -- THE HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCE -- BEYOND THE HUMAN GENOME -- ONTOGENETIC DECODING -- THE BRAIN-MIND PUZZLE -- THE APE-TO-HUMAN TRANSFORMATION -- BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION VERSUS CULTURAL EVOLUTION -- II - Explanation -- 6 - Design Without Designer -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ARGUMENT FROM DESIGN -- EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE -- DARWIN'S DISCOVERY -- NATURAL SELECTION AS A "DESIGN" PROCESS -- MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES -- DESIGN AND CHANCE -- EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION. , DEFECTS, DEFICIENCIES, AND DYSFUNCTIONS -- POWERS AND LIMITS OF SCIENCE -- 7 - Adaptation and Novelty: Teleological Explanations in Evolutionary Biology -- INTRODUCTION -- TELEOLOGY -- TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: A DEFINITION -- TELEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND BEHAVIORS IN ORGANISMS -- PROXIMATE VERSUS ULTIMATE TELEOLOGY -- NATURAL VERSUS ARTIFICIAL TELEOLOGY -- DETERMINATE VERSUS INDETERMINATE TELEOLOGY -- OBJECTIONS AND RESPONSES -- TELEOLOGY AND CAUSALITY -- TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS ARE TESTABLE HYPOTHESES -- UTILITY AS TOUCHSTONE CRITERION -- TELEOLOGY VERSUS TELEONOMY: CICERO'S TRANSLATION OF ARISTOTLE'S AITION -- ERNST MAYR (1998) ON TELEOLOGY -- 8 - Evolution and Progress -- INTRODUCTION -- EARLY IDEAS -- EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS -- CHANGE, EVOLUTION, DIRECTION -- THE CONCEPT OF PROGRESS -- EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS -- THE EXPANSION OF LIFE -- STANDARDS OF PROGRESS -- INFORMATION PROCESSING -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- 9 - The Scientific Method -- INTRODUCTION -- BEYOND INDUCTIVISM -- SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE -- INDUCTION IN SCIENCE -- THE HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD -- THE CRITERION OF DEMARCATION -- VERIFIABILITY AND FALSIFIABILITY -- EMPIRICAL CONTENT OR "TRUTHFULNESS" -- CONTINGENCY AND CERTAINTY -- "FACT" AND "THEORY" IN SCIENTIFIC USE -- ERROR AND FRAUD IN SCIENCE -- THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN PRACTICE -- A HISTORICAL PARADIGM: MENDEL'S DISCOVERY OF THE LAWS OF HEREDITY -- DESTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE BY IDEOLOGY: LYSENKO AND GENETICS IN THE SOVIET UNION -- THE CURIOUS CASE OF DARWIN, OR THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN WHAT SCIENTISTS SAY AND WHAT THEY DO -- THEORY REPLACEMENT: PHLOGISTON AND LAVOISIER -- THEORY REPLACEMENT: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS AND EINSTEIN -- HURRIED SCIENCE: ROBERT KOCH'S FAILED TUBERCULOSIS VACCINE -- EXPLANATORY CONTEXT OF DISCOVERY, OR WHY EMPIRICAL TESTING IS NOT ENOUGH: AVERY'S DNA AND WEGENER'S CONTINENTAL DRIFT. , SOCIAL MECHANISMS: PEER REVIEW AND PUBLICATION -- 10 - Reduction and Emergence -- INTRODUCTION -- REDUCTIONISM -- THREE ISSUES: ONTOLOGICAL, METHODOLOGICAL, AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL REDUCTION -- ONTOLOGICAL REDUCTION -- METHODOLOGICAL REDUCTION -- EPISTEMOLOGICAL REDUCTION -- EMERGENCE -- CONDITIONS FOR EPISTEMOLOGICAL REDUCTION -- FROM BIOLOGY TO PHYSICS? -- CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE BRAIN -- 11 - Microevolution and Macroevolution: A New Evolutionary Synthesis? -- INTRODUCTION -- RECTANGULAR EVOLUTION VERSUS GRADUALISM -- THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION -- GOULD'S THEORY -- Darwinian Logic -- Theoretical Propositions -- The Autonomy of Macroevolution -- Tempo and Mode in Evolution -- Eocoelia: Punctuated or Gradual Evolution? -- Gene Evolution Versus Species Selection -- The Spandrels of San Marco -- Hierarchy and Epistemological Emergence -- THE AUTONOMY OF MACROEVOLUTION -- III - Ethics, Aesthetics, and Religion -- 12 - Ethics -- INTRODUCTION -- DARWIN AND THE MORAL SENSE -- MORAL BEHAVIOR VERSUS MORAL NORMS -- DARWINIAN AFTERMATH -- MORAL BEHAVIOR AS RATIONAL BEHAVIOR -- CONDITIONS FOR ETHICAL BEHAVIOR -- ADAPTATION OR EXAPTATION? -- ALTRUISM AND GROUP SELECTION -- WHENCE MORAL CODES? -- SOCIOBIOLOGY'S ACCOUNT OF MORAL BEHAVIOR -- ALTRUISM: BIOLOGICAL AND MORAL -- GENE-CULTURE COEVOLUTION -- 13 - Aesthetics -- INTRODUCTION -- ORIGINS -- OLDOWAN AND ACHEULEAN CULTURES -- MOUSTERIAN CULTURE AND NEANDERTHALS -- SYMBOLISM AND AESTHETICS: AURIGNACIAN AND MAGDALENIAN CULTURES -- 14 - Religion -- INTRODUCTION -- RELIGION -- CREATION -- GOD'S WORLD -- NATURAL THEOLOGY -- THE BRIDGEWATER TREATISES -- ORGANISMS -- COPERNICUS AND DARWIN -- EVOLUTION AND THE BIBLE -- EVIL, PAIN, AND SIN -- EVOLUTION'S ACCOUNT -- THE NEW ATHEISTS -- EVOLUTION AND FAITH -- 15 - Law and the Courts -- INTRODUCTION -- SCIENCE AND THE COURTS. , THE FRYE DECISION: SEVEN DECADES WITHOUT APPROPRIATE SCIENCE -- DAUBERT: A NEW FOCUS ON SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE -- DETERMINING SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY -- SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA FOR SCIENTIFIC CLAIMS -- SCIENCE IN THE COURTS -- EXAMPLES OF GOOD SCIENCE: GREGOR MENDEL -- GOOD AND BAD SCIENCE: ROBERT KOCH AND TUBERCULOSIS -- INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS -- CONCERN FOR REJECTING IDEAS THAT ARE RIGHT -- DAUBERT'S AFTERMATH -- 16 - Intelligent Design -- INTRODUCTION -- THE DESIGN ARGUMENT -- THE DESIGN ARGUMENT IN ANTIQUITY -- CHRISTIAN AND ISLAM AUTHORS -- HUME'S CRITIQUE -- NATURAL THEOLOGY -- A POLITICAL MOVE -- MOLLUSKS' EYES -- NO EVIDENCE, NO SCIENCE -- BACTERIAL FLAGELLUM, BLOOD CLOTTING, IMMUNE SYSTEM -- GAMBLING WITHOUT NATURAL SELECTION -- COUNTERPOINT -- CREATIONISM -- 17 - Human Evolution, Genetic Engineering, and Cloning -- INTRODUCTION -- HUMAN ORIGINS -- CULTURAL EVOLUTION -- BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN MODERN HUMANS -- FUTURE NATURAL SELECTION -- GENETIC DISORDERS -- THE FUTURE -- GENETIC THERAPY -- H. J. MULLER'S FORECAST -- CLONING -- THE GENOTYPE AND THE INDIVIDUAL -- CLONING HUMANS? -- THERAPEUTIC CLONING -- Glossary -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Back Cover.

Note: Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- General Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- PART I IS IT POSSIBLE TOREDUCE BIOLOGICALEXPLANATIONS TOEXPLANATIONS INCHEMISTRY AND/ORPHYSICS? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER ONE It Is Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics -- CHAPTER TWO It Is Not Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics -- PART II HAVE TRAITS EVOLVED TO FUNCTION THE WAY THEY DO BECAUSE OF A PAST ADVANTAGE? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER THREE Traits Have Evolved to Function the Way They Do Because of a Past Advantage -- CHAPTER FOUR Traits Have Not Evolved to Function the Way They Do Because of a Past Advantage -- PART III ARE SPECIES REAL? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER FIVE Species Are Real Biological Entities -- CHAPTER SIX Species Are Not Uniquely Real Biological Entities -- PART IV DOES SELECTION OPERATE PRIMARILY ON GENES? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER SEVEN Selection Does Operate Primarily on Genes: In Defense of the Gene as the Unit of Selection -- CHAPTER EIGHT Selection Does Not Operate Primarily on Genes -- PART V ARE MICROEVOLUTION AND MACROEVOLUTION GOVERNED BY THE SAME PROCESSES? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER NINE Microevolution and Macroevolution are Governed by the Same Processes -- CHAPTER TEN Microevolution and Macroevolution Are Not Governed by the Same Processes -- PART VI DOES EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OFFER A SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE TO THE NEO-DARWINIAN PARADIGM? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading. , CHAPTER ELEVEN Evolutionary Developmental Biology Offers a Significant Challenge to the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm -- CHAPTER TWELVE Evolutionary Developmental Biology Does Not Offer a Significant Challenge to the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm -- PART VII WERE THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN MIND SOLIDIFIED DURING THE PLEISTOCENE EPOCH? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER THIRTEEN The Basic Components of the Human Mind Were Solidified During the Pleistocene Epoch -- CHAPTER FOURTEEN The Basic Components of the Human Mind Were Not Solidified During the Pleistocene Epoch -- PART VIII DOES MEMETICS PROVIDE A USEFUL WAY OF UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL EVOLUTION? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER FIFTEEN Memetics Does Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution -- CHAPTER SIXTEEN Memetics Does Not Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution -- PART IX CAN THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ACT AS A GROUND FOR ETHICS? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER SEVENTEEN The Biological Sciences Can Act as a Ground for Ethics -- CHAPTER EIGHTEEN What the Biological Sciences Can and Cannot Contribute to Ethics -- PART X IS THERE A PLACE FOR INTELLIGENT DESIGN IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY? -- Introduction -- References and Further Reading -- CHAPTER NINETEEN There Is a Place for Intelligent Design in the Philosophy of Biology: Intelligent Design in (Philosophy of) Biology: Some Legitimate Roles -- CHAPTER TWENTY There Is No Place for Intelligent Design in the Philosophy of Biology: Intelligent Design Is Not Science -- Index.

Note: FrontMatter -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introductory Essay: Systematics and the Future of Biology--EDWARD O. WILSON -- Part I--THE ORIGINS OF SPECIES BARRIERS -- 2 The Genetic Basis of Reproductive Isolation: Insights from Drosophila--H. ALLEN ORR -- 3 Inter-Locus Antagonistic Coevolution as an Engine of Speciation: Assessment with Hemiclonal Analysis--WILLIAM R. RICE, JODELL E. LINDER, URBAN FRIBERG, TIMOTHY A. LEW, EDWARD H. MORROW, AND ANDREW D. STEWART -- 4 Chromosome Speciation: Humans, Drosophila, and Mosquitoes--FRANCISCO J. AYALA AND MARIO COLUZZI -- 5 Developmental Plasticity and the Origin of Species Differences--MARY JANE WEST-EBERHARD -- Part II--DISCERNING RECENT DIVERGENCE -- 6 Speciation in Birds: Genes, Geography, and Sexual Selection--SCOTT V. EDWARDS, SARAH B. KINGAN, JENNIFER D. CALKINS, CHRISTOPHER N. BALAKRISHNAN, W. BRYAN JENNINGS, WILLIE J. SWANSON, AND MICHAEL D. SORENSON -- 7 Critical Review of Host Specificity and Its Coevolutionary Implications in the Fig/Fig-Wasp Mutualism--CARLOS A. MACHADO, NANCY ROBBINS, M. THOMAS P. GILBERT, AND EDWARD ALLEN HERRE -- 8 Evolutionary Animation: How Do Molecular Phylogenies Compare to Mayr's Reconstruction of Speciation Patterns in the Sea?--STEPHEN R. PALUMBI AND H. A. LESSIOS -- 9 Mayr, Dobzhansky, and Bush and the Complexities of Sympatric Speciation in Rhagoletis--JEFFREY L. FEDER, XIANFA XIE, JUAN RULL, SEBASTIAN VELEZ, ANDREW FORBES, BRIAN LEUNG, HATTIE DAMBROSKI, KENNETH E. FILCHAK, AND MARTIN ALUJA -- 10 On the Origin of Lake Malawi Cichlid Species: A Population Genetic Analysis of Divergence--YONG-JIN WON, ARJUN SIVASUNDAR, YONG WANG, AND JODY HEY -- Part III--THE NATURE OF SPECIES AND THE MEANING OF ''SPECIES''. , 11 A Multidimensional Approach for Detecting Species Patterns in Malagasy Vertebrates--ANNE D. YODER, LINK E. OLSON, CAROL HANLEY, KELLIE L. HECKMAN, RODIN RASOLOARISON, AMY L. RUSSELL, JULIE RANIVO, VOAHANGY SOARIMALALA, K. PRAVEEN KARANTH, ACH -- 12 Examining Bacterial Species Under the Specter of Gene Transfer and Exchange--HOWARD OCHMAN, EMMANUELLE LERAT, AND VINCENT DAUBIN -- 13 Ernst Mayr and the Modern Concept of Species--KEVIN DE QUEIROZ -- Part IV--GENOMIC APPROACHES AND NEW INSIGHTS ON DIVERSITY -- 14 Decoding the Genomic Tree of Life--ANNE B. SIMONSON, JACQUELINE A. SERVIN, RYAN G. SKOPHAMMER, CRAIG W. HERBOLD, MARIA C. RIVERA, AND JAMES A. LAKE -- 15 Prospects for Identifying Functional Variation Across the Genome--STUART J. MACDONALD AND ANTHONY D. LONG -- 16 Genetics and Genomics of Drosophila Mating Behavior--TRUDY F. C. MACKAY, STEFANIE L. HEINSOHN, RICHARD F. LYMAN, AMANDA J. MOEHRING, THEODORE J. MORGAN, AND STEPHANIE M. ROLLMANN -- 17 Genomes, Phylogeny, and Evolutionary Systems Biology--MÓNICA MEDINA -- Index.

Note: FrontMatter -- Arthur M. Sackler, M.D.1913-1987 -- Contents -- Preface to the *In the Light of Evolution* Series -- Preface to *In the Light of Evolution, Volume IV: The Human Condition* -- PART I: HUMAN PHYLOGENETIC HISTORY AND THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RECORD -- 1 Reconstructing Human Evolution: Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities--Bernard Wood -- 2 Terrestrial Apes and Phylogenetic Trees--Juan Luis Arsuaga -- 3 Phylogenomic Evidence of Adaptive Evolution in the Ancestry of Humans-Morris Goodman and Kirstin N. Sterner -- 4 Human Adaptations to Diet, Subsistence, and Ecoregion Are Due to Subtle Shifts in Allele Frequency--Angela M. Hancock, David B. Witonsky, Edvard Ehler, Gorka Alkorta-Aranburu, Cynthia Beall, Amha Gebremedhin, Rem Sukernik, Gerd Utermann, Jonathan Pritchard, Graham Coop, and Anna Di Rienzo -- 5 Working Toward a Synthesis of Archaeological, Linguistic, and Genetic Data for Inferring African Population History--Laura B. Scheinfeldt, Sameer Soi, and Sarah A. Tishkoff -- PART II: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN GENOME -- 6 Uniquely Human Evolution of Sialic Acid Genetics and Biology--Ajit Varki -- 7 Bioenergetics, the Origins of Complexity, and the Ascent of Man-Douglas C. Wallace -- 8 Genome-wide Patterns of Population Structure and Admixture Among Hispanic/Latino Populations--Katarzyna Bryc, Christopher Velez, Tatiana Karafet, Andres Moreno-Estrada, Andy Reynolds, Adam Auton, Michael Hammer, Carlos D. Bustamante, and Harry Ostrer -- 9 Human Skin Pigmentation as an Adaptation to UV Radiation--Nina G. Jablonski and George Chaplin -- 10 Footprints of Nonsentient Design Inside the Human Genome--John C. Avise -- PART III: CULTURAL EVOLUTION AND THE UNIQUENESS OF BEING HUMAN -- 11 How Grandmother Effects Plus Individual Variation in Frailty Shape Fertility and Mortality: Guidance from Human-Chimpanzee Comparisons--Kristen Hawkes. , 12 Gene-Culture Coevolution in the Age of Genomics--Peter J. Richerson, Robert Boyd, and Joseph Henrich -- 13 The Cognitive Niche: Coevolution of Intelligence, Sociality, and Language--Steven Pinker -- 14 A Role for Relaxed Selection in the Evolution of the Language Capacity--Terrence W. Deacon -- 15 Adaptive Specializations, Social Exchange, and the Evolution of Human Intelligence--Leda Cosmides, H. Clark Barrett, and John Tooby -- 16 The Difference of Being Human: Morality--Francisco J. Ayala -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- FrontMatter -- Arthur M. Sackler, M.D. 1913-1987 -- Contents -- Preface to the *In the Light of Evolution* Series -- Preface to *In the Light of Evolution, Volume II: Biodiversity and Extinction* -- Part I: Contemporary Patterns and Processes in Animals -- 1 Ecological Extinction and Evolution in the Brave New Ocean--JEREMY B. C. JACKSON -- 2 Are We in the Midst of the Sixth Mass Extinction? A View from the World of Amphibians--DAVID B. WAKE and VANCE T. VREDENBURG -- 3 Patterns of Biodiversity and Endemism on Indo-West Pacific Coral Reefs--MARJORIE L. REAKA, PAULA J. RODGERS, and ALEXEI U. KUDLA -- 4 Homage to Linnaeus: How Many Parasites? How Many Hosts?--ANDY DOBSON, KEVIN D. LAFFERTY, ARMAND M. KURIS, RYAN F. HECHINGER, and WALTER JETZ -- Part II: Contemporary Patterns and Processes in Plants and Microbes -- 5 Species Invasions and Extinction: The Future of Native Biodiversity on Islands--DOV F. SAX and STEVEN D. GAINES -- 6 How Many Tree Species Are There in the Amazon and How Many of Them Will Go Extinct?--STEPHEN P. HUBBELL, FANGLIANG HE, RICHARD CONDIT, LUIS BORDA-DE-ÁGUA, JAMES KELLNER, and HANS TER STEEGE -- 7 Microbes on Mountainsides: Contrasting Elevational Patterns of Bacterial and Plant Diversity--JESSICA A. BRYANT, CHRISTINE LAMANNA, HÉLÈNE MORLON, ANDREW J. KERKHOFF, BRIAN J. ENQUIST, and JESSICA L. GREEN -- 8 Resistance, Resilience, and Redundancy in Microbial Communities--STEVEN D. ALLISON and JENNIFER B. H. MARTINY -- Part III: Trends and Processes in the Paleontological Past -- 9 Extinction as the Loss of Evolutionary History--DOUGLAS H. ERWIN -- 10 Extinction and the Spatial Dynamics of Biodiversity--DAVID JABLONSKI -- 11 Dynamics of Origination and Extinction in the Marine Fossil Record--JOHN ALROY -- 12 Megafauna Biomass Tradeoff as a Driver of Quaternary and Future Extinctions--ANTHONY D. BARNOSKY. , Part IV: Prospects for the Future -- 13 A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Distribution of Plant Diversity--MICHAEL J. DONOGHUE -- 14 Phylogenetic Trees and the Future of Mammalian Biodiversity--T. JONATHAN DAVIES, SUSANNE A. FRITZ, RICHARD GRENYER, C. DAVID L. ORME, JON BIELBY, OLAF R. P. BININDA-EMONDS, MARCEL CARDILLO, KATE E. JONES, JOHN L. GITTLEMAN, GEORGINA M. MACE, and ANDY PURVIS -- 15 Three Ambitious (and Rather Unorthodox) Assignments for the Field of Biodiversity Genetics--JOHN C. AVISE -- 16 Engaging the Public in Biodiversity Issues--MICHAEL J. NOVACEK -- 17 Further Engaging the Public on Biodiversity Issues--PETER J. BRYANT -- 18 Where Does Biodiversity Go from Here? A Grim Business-as-Usual Forecast and a Hopeful Portfolio of Partial Solutions--PAUL R. EHRLICH and ROBERT M. PRINGLE -- References -- Index.

Note: Tempo And Mode In Evolution -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- REFERENCES -- Contents -- PART I EARLY LIFE -- 1 Tempo, Mode, the Progenote, and the Universal Root -- STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE CELLULAR INFORMATION-PROCESSING SYSTEM -- THE BASIC KINDS OF LIVING THINGS -- THE WOESIAN REVOLUTION -- ROOTING THE UNIVERSAL TREE -- IMPLICATIONS OF THE ROOTING FOR AN UNDERSTANDING OF TEMPO AND MODE IN EARLY CELLULAR EVOLUTION -- But Is the Rooting Right? -- Where Next? -- SUMMARY -- References -- 2 Phylogeny from Function: The Origin of tRNA Is in Replication, not Translation -- METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 3 Disparate Rates, Differing Fates: Tempo and Mode of Evolutionm Changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic -- TEMPOS OF EVOLUTION -- CYANOBACTERIAL HYPOBRADYTELY -- SURVIVAL OF THE ECOLOGICALLY UNSPECIALIZED -- A BIPARTITE VIEW OF THE HISTORY OF LIFE -- SUMMARY -- References -- 4 Proterozoic and Early Cambrian Protists: Evidence for Accelerating Evolutionary Tempo -- THE NATURE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE RECORD -- EARLY EUKARYOTIC FOSSILS: A NARRATIVE RECORD -- ESTIMATES OF EVOLUTIONARY TEMPO -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- References -- PART II MACROEVOLUTION -- 5 Late Precambrian Bilaterians: Grades and Clades -- APPEARANCE OF PHYLA IN THE FOSSIL RECORD -- THE RISE OF BODY-PLAN COMPLEXITY -- PHYLOGENETIC MODELS AND BODY PLANS -- TEMPO AND MODE AND BODY PLANS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 6 The Role of Extinction in Evolution -- CHARLES DARWIN ON EXTINCTION -- GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON ON EXTINCTION -- THE RECORD OF EXTINCTION -- EPISODES OF EXTINCTION -- SELECTIVITY -- CAUSES OF EXTINCTION -- THE ROLE OF EXTINCTION -- SUMMARY -- References -- 7 Tempo and Mode in the Macroevolutionary Reconstruction of Darwinism. , DARWIN'S UNIFORMITARIANISM AND THE DOWNGRADING OF MACROEVOLUTION -- TEMPO AND MODE: A POTENTIAL SOLUTION UNDERMINED -- A SOLUTION IN BONDED INDEPENDENCE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 8 Morphological Evolution Through Complex Domains of Fitness -- PLANTS AS A VENUE FOR SIMULATED WALKS -- SINGLE- VERSUS MULTI-TASK WALKS -- WEAKNESSES AND STRENGTHS OF SIMULATED WALKS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- PART III HUMAN EVOLUTION -- 9 Tempo and Mode in Human Evolution -- SPECIES, CLADES, AND PHYLOGENY -- BIPEDALISM AND THE POSTCRANIUM -- MASTICATION -- ENCEPHALIZATION -- STASIS, PUNCTUATION, AND TRENDS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 10 Molecular Genetics of Speciation and Human Origins -- SPECIATION BY FOUNDER EFFECT -- THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX -- TRANS-SPECIFIC POLYMORPHISMS -- EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE DRB1 GENE LOCUS -- PERSISTENCE OF POLYMORPHISMS -- EVOLUTIONARY SUBSTITUTIONS AND COALESCENCE THEORY -- POPULATION BOTTLENECKS AND THE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS -- THEORIES OF HUMAN ORIGINS -- MOLECULAR EVIDENCE AND THE MULTIREGIONAL MODEL -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- PART IV RATES -- 11 Rates and Patterns of Chloroplast DNA Evolution -- EVOLUTION OF NONCODING DNA REGIONS -- EVOLUTION OF PROTEIN CODING GENES -- PATTERNS OF AMINO ACID REPLACEMENT IN THE RUBISCO PROTEIN -- PATTERNS OF INTRON EVOLUTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 12 The Superoxide Dismutase Molecular Clock Revisited -- METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- References -- PART V PATTERNS -- 13 Dynamics of Adaptation and Diversification: A 10,000-Generation Experiment with Bacterial Populations -- EXPERIMENTAL OVERVIEW -- ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION -- CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION -- CODA -- SUMMARY -- References -- 14 Explaining Low Levels of DNA Sequence Variation in Regions of the Drosophila Genome with Low Recombination Rates -- THE DATA -- A STRICTLY NEUTRAL HYPOTHESIS. , HITCHHIKING WITH FAVORABLE MUTATIONS HYPOTHESIS -- BACKGROUND SELECTION MODEL -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY -- References -- 15 The History of a Genetic System -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- References -- 16 Genome Structure and Evolution in Drosophila: Applications of the Framework P1 Map -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY -- References -- INDEX.