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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Sulphur-passivated GaAs Surfaces (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 24 (1996), S. 564-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Three new sulphur-passivation techniques of GaAs surfaces are presented to solve the problem of longevity and durability. To explore the passivation mechanism, XPS in conjunction with other techniques are employed to study the chemical compositions of Ga and As atoms near the passivation film/substrate interfaces.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of distance geometry and molecular dynamics simulation techniques for conformational analysis of β-cyclodextrin (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Distance geometry and molecular dynamics simulation techniques were compared in their ability to search the conformational potential energy surface of β-cyclodextrin. Structures generated by the DISGEO program were minimized using three different atomic point charge sets. Some of these structures were used as starting points for molecular dynamics simulation in vacuo at 298K. The distance geometry results showed that the global features of the conformational potential energy surface were generally independent of the point charge set. The distance geometry technique was able to find structures of lower energy than those obtained by direct minimization of the X-ray or neutron diffraction structures. However, the molecular dynamics simulation technique was consistently able to find structures of lower energy than those generated by distance geometry. Root mean square fit of the trajectory structures to the starting structure showed that the simulation allowed the molecule to explore regions of the potential energy surface in the neighborhood of the starting structure. Both the distance geometry and molecular dynamics simulation techniques showed that β-cyclodextrin can adopt a wide range of conformations in the gas phase and that these conformations are much less symmetrical than the crystalline structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540130106
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  • 3
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    America's water risk: Current demand and climate variability (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-18
    Description: A new indicator of drought induced water stress is introduced and applied at the county level in USA. Unlike most existing drought metrics, we directly consider current daily water demands and renewable daily water supply to estimate the potential stress. Water stress indices developed include the Normalized Deficit Cumulated (NDC) to represent multi-year droughts by computing the maximum cumulative deficit between demand and supply over the study period (1949-2009) and the Normalized Deficit Index (NDI) representing drought associated with maximum cumulative deficit each year. These water stress indices map directly to storage requirements needed to buffer multi-year and within-year climate variability, and can reveal the dependence on exogenous water transferred by rivers/canals to the area. Future climate change and variability can be also incorporated into this framework to inform climate-driven drought for additional storage development and potential applications of water trading across counties.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-23
    Description: Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is the most common adverse effect of capecitabine-containing chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacies of various prevention and treatment strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Searches of the PubMed and Embase databases were performed to identify relevant studies. The risk ratio (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as an effect measure to evaluate the efficacies of these prevention and treatment strategies. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg's and Egger's tests. Overall and subgroup analyses were conducted. All statistical analyses were conducted with Stata software version 12.0. Seventeen eligible studies were included. Our results indicated that celecoxib was significantly associated with a lower incidence of grade ≥2 capecitabine-induced HFS without heterogeneity (RR=0.43, 95% CI=0.23–0.81, I 2 =0.0%). However, pyridoxine and topical urea/lactic acid were not effective toward preventing capecitabine-induced grade 1, 2, 3, ≥1, or ≥2 HFS. Moreover, pyridoxine was not effective in treating capecitabine-induced HFS. Similar results were obtained by subgroup analysis. Our results indicate that celecoxib has potential prophylactic efficacy for capecitabine-induced HFS. However, pyridoxine and topical urea/lactic acid are not associated with a decrease in the incidence of capecitabine-induced HFS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0020-7136
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0215
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 5
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    Impacts of climate change on reference evapotranspiration in the Qilian Mountains of China: Historical trends and projected changes (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-12
    Description: Global climate change is likely to affect reference evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) and the use of water resources for vegetation management. Our goals were to identify spatio-temporal characteristics of ET 0 and factors controlling the change in ET 0 and to project spatio-temporal changes in the Qilian Mountains of China under the future climate conditions. Changes in ET 0 were estimated by the Penman–Monteith method for 22 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2015. We quantified the attributions of climatic factors with the differentiation equation method. Then, we assessed the spatio-temporal changes in projected ET 0 with CanESM2 model outputs and statistical downscaling model for three representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios for years 2016–2100. We found that annual ET 0 averaged across the region was 1001.5 mm, with an insignificant decrease of −0.43 mm/year during 1960–2015. The lowest values were present in the alpine region in the central area, while the highest ET 0 was detected in the western region. An annual and seasonal “evaporation paradox” existed in the Qilian Mountains during the past few decades. Mean daily air temperature measured ( T mean ) and wind speed ( U 2 ) were the dominant factors in ET 0 change. However, the decreasing trend in ET 0 may be due to a diminished effect of T mean triggered by short-wave radiation ( R s ), actual vapour pressure ( e a ), and wind speed ( U 2 ), but especially by the substantial reduction in U 2 at most stations. Compared with the baseline, ET 0 is likely to increase by 6.31–7.20, 6.11–10.41, and 6.58–17.66%, respectively, under RCP scenarios of 2.6 (very low forcing scenario), 4.5 (medium stabilization scenario), and 8.5 (very high emission scenario), but RCP2.6 ET 0 rates level off and even decline after 2050 while RCP4.5 rates climb only marginally after 2050. Thus, ET 0 projected with the CanESM2 model displayed an upwards trend in the Qilian Mountains, especially the central alpine region. ET 0 showed insignificant decreasing trends with increasing significant air temperature. Wind speed was the most important factor influencing ET 0 changes. Projected ET 0 displayed an upwards trend in the Qilian Mountains, especially the central alpine region. Increasing of evapotranspiration in the future may raise ecological water demand and aggravate water shortage.
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 6
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    Sterol content in the artificial diet of Mythimna separata affects the metabolomics of Arma chinensis (Fallou) as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-12
    Description: Insects cannot synthesize sterols and must obtain them from plants. Therefore, reducing plant sterol content or changing sterol type might be an effective pest control strategy. However, the impacts of these changes on pests’ natural predators remain unknown. Here, we fed artificial diets with reduced sterol content to Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and investigated the effects on its natural predator, Arma chinensis (Fallou) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Reduced sterol content in M. separata (MS1, MS2, and MS5) was achieved by feeding them artificial diets prepared from a feed base subjected to one, two, or five cycles of sterol extractions, respectively. The content of most substances increased in A. chinensis (AC) groups feeding on MS2 and MS5. The content of eight substances (alanine, betaine, dimethylamine, fumarate, glutamine, glycine, methylamine, and sarcosine) differed significantly between the control (AC0) and treated (AC1, AC2, and AC5) groups. Metabolic profiling revealed that only AC5 was significantly distinct from AC0; the major substances contributing to this difference were maltose, glucose, tyrosine, proline, O -phosphocholine, glutamine, allantoin, lysine, valine, and glutamate. Furthermore, only two metabolic pathways, that is, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, differed significantly between AC1 and AC5 and the control, albeit with an impact value of zero. Thus, the sterol content in the artificial diet fed to M. separata only minimally affected the metabolites and metabolic pathways of its predator A. chinensis , suggesting that A. chinensis has good metabolic self-regulation with high resistance to sterol content changes.
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6327
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 7
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    Simulation of the Decadal Permafrost Distribution on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (China) over the Past 50 Years (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-21
    Description: ABSTRACT Decadal changes in permafrost distribution on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) over the past 50 years (1960–2009) were simulated with a response model that uses data from a digital elevation model, mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and the vertical lapse rate of temperature. Compared with published maps of permafrost distribution, the accuracy of the simulated results is about 85 per cent. The simulation results show: (1) with the continuously rising MAAT over the past 50 years, the simulated areas of permafrost on the QTP have continuously decreased; (2) through areal statistics, the simulated areas of permafrost were 1.60 × 10 6  km 2 , 1.49 × 10 6  km 2 , 1.45 × 10 6  km 2 , 1.36 × 10 6  km 2 and 1.27 × 10 6  km 2 , respectively, in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s; and (3) the rate of permafrost loss has accelerated since the 1980s, and the total area of degraded permafrost is about 3.3 × 10 5  km 2 , which accounts for about one-fifth of the total area of permafrost in the 1960s. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 1045-6740
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1530
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 8
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    Sample Entropy-Based Adaptive Wavelet De-noising Approach for Meteorologic and Hydrologic Time Series (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-13
    Description: De-noising meteorologic and hydrologic time series is important to improve the accuracy and reliability of extraction, analysis, simulation and forecasting. A hybrid approach, combining sample entropy and wavelet de-noising method, is developed to separate noise from original series and is named as AWDA-SE (Adaptive Wavelet De-noising Approach Using Sample Entropy). The AWDA-SE approach adaptively determines the threshold for wavelet analysis. Two kinds of meteorologic and hydrologic data sets, synthetic data set and 3 representative field measured data sets (one is the annual rainfall data of Jinan station, and the other two are annual streamflow series from 2 typical stations in China, Yingluoxia station on the Heihe River, that is little affected by human activities, and Lijin station on the Yellow River, that is greatly affected by human activities), are used to illustrate the approach. The AWAA-SE approach is compared with three conventional de-noising methods, including FT (fixed form threshold algorithm), SURE (Stein unbiased risk estimation algorithm) and MINIMAX (minimax algorithm). Results show that the AWDA-SE approach separates effectively the signal and noise of the data sets, and is found to be better than the conventional methods. Measures of assessment standards show that the developed approach can be employed to investigate noisy and short time series, and can also be applied to other areas.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Protective Action of Liraglutide in Beta Cells Under Lipotoxic Stress Via PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 Pathway (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: Liraglutide, a modified form of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), has been found to improve beta cell function in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, the effect of liraglutide on beta cell function under lipotoxic stress and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling in liraglutide-involved beta cell protection in high free fatty acids (FFAs) condition. The apoptosis, proliferation, and insulin secretion capability of MIN6 cells and islets from C57BL/6J mice were evaluated when exposed to FFAs with/without liraglutide. The expression of effectors involved in PI3K/Akt/FoxO1signalling pathway was detected by real-time PCR and western blotting in MIN6 cells and islets from C57BL/6J mice. Liraglutide substantially inhibited the lipoapoptosis and improved the proliferation and insulin secretion of beta cells in high FFAs condition. Western blot revealed that the phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO1 was markedly decreased under lipid stress but was elevated when treated with liraglutide. Moreover, FFAs could up-regulate the expression levels of p27, Bax, Cidea but down-regulate the expression levels of Pdx-1, MafA, and NeuroD in beta cells, which was canceled by the addition of liraglutide. Moreover, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, could significantly abrogate all the protective actions of liraglutide against lipotoxicity. We concluded that liraglutide markedly improved beta cell function under lipid stress and that the protective action of liraglutide was mediated by activation of PI3K/Akt, which resulted in inactivation of FoxO1 along with the down-regulation of p27, Bax, Cidea and up-regulation of Pdx-1, MafA, and NeuroD expressions.
    Electronic ISSN: 0091-7419
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 10
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    Using Grain-Size Distribution Methods for Estimation of Air Permeability (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: Knowledge of air permeability ( k a ) at dry conditions is critical for the use of air flow models in porous media; however, it is usually difficult and time consuming to measure k a at dry conditions. It is thus desirable to estimate k a at dry conditions from other readily obtainable properties. In this study, the feasibility of using information derived from grain-size distributions (GSDs) for estimating k a at dry conditions was examined. Fourteen GSD-based equations originally developed for estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity were tested using k a measured at dry conditions in both undisturbed and disturbed river sediment samples. On average, the estimated k a from all the equations, except for the method of Slichter, differed by less than ± 4 times from the measured k a for both undisturbed and disturbed groups. In particular, for the two sediment groups, the results given by the methods of Terzaghi and Hazen-modified were comparable to the measured k a . In addition, two methods (e.g., Barr and Beyer) for the undisturbed samples and one method (e.g., Hazen-original) for the undisturbed samples were also able to produce comparable k a estimates. Moreover, after adjusting the values of the coefficient C in the GSD-based equations, the estimation of k a was significantly improved with the differences between the measured and estimated k a less than ±4% on average (except for the method of Barr). As demonstrated by this study, GSD-based equations may provide a promising and efficient way to estimate k a at dry conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0017-467X
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-6584
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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