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  • Wiley  (7)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spacing Effect on Energy Cane Growth, Physiology, and Biomass Yield
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Crop Science Vol. 58, No. 3 ( 2018-05), p. 1371-1384
    Details
    In: Crop Science, Wiley, Vol. 58, No. 3 ( 2018-05), p. 1371-1384
    Abstract: Energy cane is a specialized sugarcane ( Sacharum spontaneum L.) hybrid developed for high lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production. The optimum planting spacing for energy cane is not known; hence, it has been planted with sugarcane planting spacing. We examined the effect of six plant spacings derived from three inter‐ (1.22, 1.52, and 1.83 m) and two intra‐row (0.61 and 0.91 m) spacings on energy cane growth, physiology, and biomass yield. Energy cane was planted in fall 2012, was harvested after establishment in 2013, and was allowed to ratoon for biomass yield in 2014 and 2015. The plant spacing had varied effects on energy cane growth and physiology, but no effect on biomass yield. Wide spacing resulted in increased tiller and leaf numbers, but spacing had no effect on other growth and physiological parameters at the p 〈 0.05 level. The results suggested that energy cane possesses the ability to adjust plant growth according to plant spacing without compromising its biomass yield and can effectively use wide spacing (1.83 × 0.91 m) commonly adopted for sugarcane planting. Wide spacing can reduce seeding cost and energy during planting and will allow the use of existing sugarcane farm machinery for energy cane production. The high biomass yield (18.8–25.1 Mg ha −1 ) of energy cane obtained in this study also suggests that energy cane can be successfully produced for lignocellulosic feedstock.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0011-183X , 1435-0653
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2017.08.0513
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1480918-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tillage, Cover Crops, and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Cotton and Sorghum Root Biomass, Carbon, and Nitrogen
    Wiley ; 2005
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 97, No. 5 ( 2005-09), p. 1279-1290
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 97, No. 5 ( 2005-09), p. 1279-1290
    Abstract: Management practices may influence cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)] root C and N inputs for improving soil quality. We examined the influence of three tillage practices [no‐till (NT), strip till (ST), and chisel till (CT)] , four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye ( Secale cereale L.)], biculture of legume and nonlegume (vetch and rye), and no cover crops (winter weeds)}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65, and 120–130 kg N ha −1 ) on cotton and sorghum root C and N from the 0‐ to 120‐cm soil depth. A field experiment was conducted in a Dothan sandy loam (fine‐loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults) from 2000 to 2002 in central Georgia. Root C and N at 0 to 15 cm were greater in NT than in ST and CT in 2000 cotton and 2001 sorghum, but at 30 to 60 cm they were greater in ST than in NT and CT in 2000 cotton. Root C and N at 0 to 15 cm were also greater with vetch and rye biculture than with vetch and weeds in 2001 sorghum. Total root C and N at 0 to 120 cm were greater in ST with vetch than in ST with rye or in CT with weeds in 2000 cotton. In contrast, total root N was greater in NT with rye than in ST with rye or CT with vetch in 2001 sorghum and 2002 cotton. Total root N was also greater in CT with 60 kg N ha −1 than in NT or CT with 120 kg N ha −1 in 2000 cotton, but was greater in ST with 60 kg N ha −1 than in NT with 0 kg N ha −1 or CT with 120 kg N ha −1 in 2002 cotton. The NT or ST with vetch and rye cover crops and 60 kg N ha −1 may increase cotton and sorghum root C and N compared with CT with no cover crops and N fertilization, thereby helping to improve soil quality and productivity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2004.0213
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Carbon Supply and Storage in Tilled and Nontilled Soils as Influenced by Cover Crops and Nitrogen Fertilization
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Environmental Quality Vol. 35, No. 4 ( 2006-07), p. 1507-1517
    Details
    In: Journal of Environmental Quality, Wiley, Vol. 35, No. 4 ( 2006-07), p. 1507-1517
    Abstract: Soil carbon (C) sequestration in tilled and nontilled areas can be influenced by crop management practices due to differences in plant C inputs and their rate of mineralization. We examined the influence of four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye ( Secale cereale L.)], biculture of legume and nonlegume (vetch and rye), and no cover crops (or winter weeds)} and three nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 60 to 65, and 120 to 130 kg N ha −1 ) on C inputs from cover crops, cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), and sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)], and soil organic carbon (SOC) at the 0‐ to 120‐cm depth in tilled and nontilled areas. A field experiment was conducted on Dothan sandy loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Paleudults) from 1999 to 2002 in central Georgia. Total C inputs to the soil from cover crops, cotton, and sorghum from 2000 to 2002 ranged from 6.8 to 22.8 Mg ha −1 The SOC at 0 to 10 cm fluctuated with C input from October 1999 to November 2002 and was greater from cover crops than from weeds in no‐tilled plots. In contrast, SOC values at 10 to 30 cm in no‐tilled and at 0 to 60 cm in chisel‐tilled plots were greater for biculture than for weeds. As a result, C at 0 to 30 cm was sequestered at rates of 267, 33, −133, and −967 kg C ha −1 yr −1 for biculture, rye, vetch, and weeds, respectively, in the no‐tilled plot. In strip‐tilled and chisel‐tilled plots, SOC at 0 to 30 cm decreased at rates of 233 to 1233 kg C ha −1 yr −1 The SOC at 0 to 30 cm increased more in cover crops with 120 to 130 kg N ha −1 yr −1 than in weeds with 0 kg N ha −1 yr −1 , regardless of tillage. In the subtropical humid region of the southeastern United States, cover crops and N fertilization can increase the amount of C input and storage in tilled and nontilled soils, and hairy vetch and rye biculture was more effective in sequestering C than monocultures or no cover crop.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0047-2425 , 1537-2537
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0189
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120525-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2050469-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cover Crop and Nitrogen Fertilization Influence Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Under Bioenergy Sweet Sorghum
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 110, No. 2 ( 2018-03), p. 463-471
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 110, No. 2 ( 2018-03), p. 463-471
    Abstract: Removal of aboveground biomass may affect soil C and N under sweet sorghum. The effect of cover crop and N fertilization on soil C and N under sweet sorghum was examined. SOC and STN were greater with vetch and vetch/rye mixture than other cover crops NH 4 ‐N was greater with rye and NO 3 ‐N greater with vetch/rye than other cover crops. Vetch and vetch/rye can enhance soil C and N storage and optimize N availability. Sustainable production of sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) grown for bioenergy production depends on practices that maintain soil C and N levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crops (hairy vetch [ Vicia villosa Roth], rye [ Secaele cereale L.], hairy vetch/rye mixture, and the control [no cover crop] ) and N fertilization rates (0 and 90 kg N ha − ) on soil organic C (SOC), total N (STN), NH 4 –N, and NO 3 –N contents at the 0‐ to 30‐cm depth from 2010 to 2014 in the southeastern USA. Cover crop biomass yield and C content were greater with vetch/rye than vetch and the control and N content greater with vetch and vetch/rye than the control in 2013 and 2014. The SOC and STN at 0 to 5 cm were greater with vetch/rye than the control and at 15 to 30 cm were greater with vetch than vetch/rye. At 0 to 5 cm, SOC increased at 0.55 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 and STN at 0.06 Mg N ha −1 yr −1 , regardless of treatments. At most depths, NH 4 –N content was greater with rye than the control and greater with 0 than 90 kg N ha −1 , but NO 3 –N content was greater with vetch/rye than rye. Because of greater cover crop C and N inputs, soil C and N stocks can be enhanced and N availability can be optimized by growing vetch and vetch/rye mixture cover crops to replace the stocks reduced by the removal of aboveground sweet sorghum biomass.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2017.05.0253
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biculture Legume–Cereal Cover Crops for Enhanced Biomass Yield and Carbon and Nitrogen
    Wiley ; 2005
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 97, No. 5 ( 2005-09), p. 1403-1412
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 97, No. 5 ( 2005-09), p. 1403-1412
    Abstract: Biculture legume–cereal cover cropping may enhance above‐ and belowground biomass yields and C and N contents. The increase in C and N supply to the soil has the potential to improve soil quality and crop productivity compared with monoculture cover crop species. We examined above‐ and belowground (0‐ to 120‐cm soil depth) biomass yields and C and N contents of a legume [hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye ( Secale cereale L.)], and biculture of legume and nonlegume (vetch and rye) cover crops planted without tillage in the fall of 1999 to 2001 in central Georgia. After cover crop kill in the spring, cotton ( Gossypium hitsutum L.) and sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)] were planted using three tillage practices (no‐till, strip till, and chisel till) with three N fertilization rates (0, 60 to 65, and 120 to 130 kg N ha −1 ). The field experiment was arranged in a split‐split plot treatment with three replications on a Dothan sandy loam (fine‐loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Plinthic Kandiudults). Aboveground biomass yield of rye decreased from 6.1 to 2.3 Mg ha −1 from 2000 to 2002, but yield of hairy vetch varied (2.4 to 5.2 Mg ha −1 ). In contrast, biomass yield of vetch and rye biculture (5.6 to 8.2 Mg ha −1 ) was greater than that of rye and vetch planted alone in all years. Compared with winter weeds in no cover crop treatment, C content in rye (1729 to 2670 kg ha −1 ) was greater due to higher biomass yield, but N content in vetch (76 to 165 kg ha −1 ) was greater due to higher N concentration, except in 2002. As a result, C (2260 to 3512 kg ha −1 ) and N (84 to 310 kg ha −1 ) contents in biculture were greater than those from monocultures in all years. Similarly, belowground biomass yield and C and N contents were greater in biculture than in monocultures. In 2001, aboveground biomass yield and C and N contents in cover crops were also greater in strip till with biculture than in other treatments, except in chisel till with vetch and biculture, but belowground biomass yield and N content were greater in chisel till with biculture than in no‐till, strip till, and chisel till with weeds. Cotton lint yield was lower with biculture than with rye, but sorghum grain yield and cotton and sorghum biomass (stems + leaves) yields and N uptake were greater with biculture than with rye. Because of higher biomass yield and C and N contents, biculture of hairy vetch and rye cover crops may increase N supply, summer crop yields, and N uptake compared with rye and may increase potentials to improve soil organic matter and reduce N leaching compared with vetch.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2004.0274
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cover Crop Root Distribution and Its Effects on Soil Nitrogen Cycling
    Wiley ; 1998
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 90, No. 4 ( 1998-07), p. 511-518
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 90, No. 4 ( 1998-07), p. 511-518
    Abstract: Nitrate N in the soil is susceptible to leaching with fall and winter precipitation and can pollute groundwater. Winter cover crops to scavenge residual NO ‐ 3 through root extension are a possible solution. A 2‐yr field study was conducted on a Greenville fsl (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults) in central Georgia to determine root distribution of legume and nonlegume winter cover crops and their ability to absorb soil NO ‐ 3 and accumulate it in aboveground biomass. Cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), and crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) were planted in a prepared seedbed in the fall and accumulated biomass was incorporated into the soil in the spring. Seasonal variations in root distribution were measured by minirhizotron and soil separation methods. Soil mineral N concentration and aboveground biomass yield and N uptake were determined at regular intervals during the growing season. Total minirhizotron root count (MRC; no. roots cm −2 soil profile) at the 1‐ to 50‐cm soil depth increased at the rate of 0.01 roots cm −2 d −1 in hairy vetch in the fall to 0.38 roots cm −2 d −1 in crimson clover in the spring, as temperature increased. Roots were well distributed to the 50‐cm soil depth. Compared with the other cover crops, rye had significantly greater total MRC from Dec. 1996 to Feb. 1997 and total root length density (RLD; cm root length cm −3 soil) at the 0‐ to 30‐cm depth from Nov. 1995 to Apr. 1996 and in Jan. 1997, and the subsequent NO ‐ 3 inorganic N concentration in the soil was lower and aboveground biomass yield was greater. MRC was positively correlated with RLD in Nov. 1995, Apr. 1996, and Jan. 1997. A significant positive correlation was observed between MRC and aboveground biomass yield or N uptake ( r = 0.52 to 0.68, P ≤ 0.05) and a negative correlation between MRC and soil NO ‐ 3 concentration ( r = ‐0.51 to ‐0.55, P ≤ 0.05) early in the growing season. Rye had the greatest root density and aboveground biomass, and scavenged more soil NO ‐ 3 early in the growing season. Nonlegume cover crops, such as rye, may be more effective in reducing residual NO ‐ 3 and potential leaching of NO ‐ 3 from the soil early in the growing season than are legume cover crops, such as hairy vetch or crimson clover.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000040012x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Accumulation and Crop Uptake of Soil Mineral Nitrogen as Influenced by Tillage, Cover Crops, and Nitrogen Fertilization
    Wiley ; 2007
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 99, No. 3 ( 2007-05), p. 682-691
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 99, No. 3 ( 2007-05), p. 682-691
    Abstract: Management practices may influence soil N levels due to crop uptake and leaching. We evaluated the effects of three tillage practices [no‐till (NT), strip till (ST), and chisel till (CT)], four cover crops [hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), rye ( Secale cereale L.), vetch + rye biculture, and winter weeds or no cover crop], and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65, and 120–130 kg N ha −1 ) on NH 4 –N and NO 3 –N contents in Dothan sandy loam (fine‐loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults), and N uptake by cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] from 2000 to 2002 in central Georgia. Nitrogen content was higher in vetch and vetch + rye than in rye and weeds. Soil NH 4 –N content at 0 to 30 cm was higher at harvest than at planting, and higher in NT or vetch with 120 to 130 kg N ha −1 than with other treatments. The NO 3 –N content at 0 to 120 cm varied with date of sampling and was higher with vetch than with rye and weeds. The NO 3 –N content at 0 to 10 cm was higher in CT with vetch than in NT and ST with rye or weeds. From November 2000 to April 2001 and from November 2001 to April 2002, N loss from crop residue and soil at 0 to 120 cm was higher with vetch than with other cover crops. Nitrogen removed by cotton lint was higher with rye than with other cover crops in 2000 and higher with 0 and 60 than with 120 kg N ha −1 in 2002, but N removed by sorghum grain and cotton and sorghum biomass were higher with vetch than with rye, and higher with 120 to 130 than with 0 kg N ha −1 . Because of higher N supply, vetch increased soil mineral N and cotton and sorghum N uptake compared with rye, but also increased the potential for N leaching. The potential for N leaching can be reduced and crop N uptake can be optimized by mixing vetch with rye.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj2006.0177
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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