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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Disentangling effects of climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services—A multi‐scale experimental design
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Methods in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2022-02), p. 514-527
    Details
    In: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2022-02), p. 514-527
    Abstract: Climate and land‐use change are key drivers of environmental degradation in the Anthropocene, but too little is known about their interactive effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Long‐term data on biodiversity trends are currently lacking. Furthermore, previous ecological studies have rarely considered climate and land use in a joint design, did not achieve variable independence or lost statistical power by not covering the full range of environmental gradients. Here, we introduce a multi‐scale space‐for‐time study design to disentangle effects of climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The site selection approach coupled extensive GIS‐based exploration (i.e. using a Geographic information system) and correlation heatmaps with a crossed and nested design covering regional, landscape and local scales. Its implementation in Bavaria (Germany) resulted in a set of study plots that maximise the potential range and independence of environmental variables at different spatial scales. Stratifying the state of Bavaria into five climate zones (reference period 1981–2010) and three prevailing land‐use types, that is, near‐natural, agriculture and urban, resulted in 60 study regions (5.8 × 5.8 km quadrants) covering a mean annual temperature gradient of 5.6–9.8°C and a spatial extent of ~310 × 310 km. Within these regions, we nested 180 study plots located in contrasting local land‐use types, that is, forests, grasslands, arable land or settlement (local climate gradient 4.5–10°C). This approach achieved low correlations between climate and land use (proportional cover) at the regional and landscape scale with | r  ≤ 0.33| and | r  ≤ 0.29| respectively. Furthermore, using correlation heatmaps for local plot selection reduced potentially confounding relationships between landscape composition and configuration for plots located in forests, arable land and settlements. The suggested design expands upon previous research in covering a significant range of environmental gradients and including a diversity of dominant land‐use types at different scales within different climatic contexts. It allows independent assessment of the relative contribution of multi‐scale climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Understanding potential interdependencies among global change drivers is essential to develop effective restoration and mitigation strategies against biodiversity decline, especially in expectation of future climatic changes. Importantly, this study also provides a baseline for long‐term ecological monitoring programs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2041-210X , 2041-210X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mee3.v13.2
    DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13759
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2528492-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Earlier flowering of winter oilseed rape compensates for higher pest pressure in warmer climates
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 60, No. 2 ( 2023-02), p. 365-375
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 60, No. 2 ( 2023-02), p. 365-375
    Abstract: Global warming can increase insect pest pressure by enhancing reproductive rates. Whether this translates into yield losses depends on phenological synchronisation of pests with their host plants and natural enemies. Simultaneously, landscape composition may mitigate climate effects by shaping the resource availability for pests and their antagonists. Here, we study the combined effects of temperature and landscape composition on pest abundances, larval parasitism, crop damage and yield, while also considering crop phenology, to identify strategies for sustainable management of oilseed rape (OSR) pests under warming climates. In all, 29 winter OSR crop fields were investigated in different climates (defined by multi‐annual mean temperature, MAT) and landscape contexts in Bavaria, Germany. We measured abundances of adult pollen beetles and stem weevil larvae, pollen beetle larval parasitism, bud loss, stem damage and seed yield, and calculated the flowering date from growth stage observations. Landscape parameters (proportion of non‐crop and OSR area, change in OSR area relative to the previous year) were calculated at six spatial scales (0.6–5 km). Pollen beetle abundance increased with MAT but to different degrees depending on the landscape context, that is, increased less strongly when OSR proportions were high (1‐km scale), interannually constant (5‐km scale) or both. In contrast, stem weevil abundance and stem damage did not respond to landscape composition nor MAT. Pollen beetle larval parasitism was overall low, but occasionally exceeded 30% under both low and high MAT and with reduced OSR area (0.6‐km scale). Despite high pollen beetle abundance in warm climates, yields were high when OSR flowered early. Thereby, higher temperatures favoured early flowering. Only among late‐flowering OSR crop fields yield was higher in cooler than warmer climates. Bud loss responded analogously. Landscape composition did not substantially affect bud loss and yield. Synthesis and applications : Earlier flowering of winter OSR compensates for higher pollen beetle abundance in warmer climates, while interannual continuity of OSR area prevents high pollen beetle abundance in the first place. Thus, regional coordination of crop rotation and crop management promoting early flowering may contribute to sustainable pest management in OSR under current and future climatic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jpe.v60.2
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14335
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020408-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 410405-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Temperature drives variation in flying insect biomass across a German malaise trap network
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Insect Conservation and Diversity Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2022-03), p. 168-180
    Details
    In: Insect Conservation and Diversity, Wiley, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2022-03), p. 168-180
    Abstract: Among the many concerns for biodiversity in the Anthropocene, recent reports of flying insect loss are particularly alarming, given their importance as pollinators, pest control agents, and as a food source. Few insect monitoring programmes cover the large spatial scales required to provide more generalizable estimates of insect responses to global change drivers. We ask how climate and surrounding habitat affect flying insect biomass using data from the first year of a new monitoring network at 84 locations across Germany comprising a spatial gradient of land cover types from protected to urban and crop areas. Flying insect biomass increased linearly with temperature across Germany. However, the effect of temperature on flying insect biomass flipped to negative in the hot months of June and July when local temperatures most exceeded long‐term averages. Land cover explained little variation in insect biomass, but biomass was lowest in forests. Grasslands, pastures, and orchards harboured the highest insect biomass. The date of peak biomass was primarily driven by surrounding land cover, with grasslands especially having earlier insect biomass phenologies. Standardised, large‐scale monitoring provides key insights into the underlying processes of insect decline and is pivotal for the development of climate‐adapted strategies to promote insect diversity. In a temperate climate region, we find that the positive effects of temperature on flying insect biomass diminish in a German summer at locations where temperatures most exceeded long‐term averages. Our results highlight the importance of local adaptation in climate change‐driven impacts on insect communities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1752-458X , 1752-4598
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/icad.v15.2
    DOI: 10.1111/icad.12555
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2404613-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dung‐visiting beetle diversity is mainly affected by land use, while community specialization is driven by climate
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10)
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 10 ( 2022-10)
    Abstract: Dung beetles are important actors in the self‐regulation of ecosystems by driving nutrient cycling, bioturbation, and pest suppression. Urbanization and the sprawl of agricultural areas, however, destroy natural habitats and may threaten dung beetle diversity. In addition, climate change may cause shifts in geographical distribution and community composition. We used a space‐for‐time approach to test the effects of land use and climate on α‐diversity, local community specialization ( H 2 ′) on dung resources, and γ‐diversity of dung‐visiting beetles. For this, we used pitfall traps baited with four different dung types at 115 study sites, distributed over a spatial extent of 300 km × 300 km and 1000 m in elevation. Study sites were established in four local land‐use types: forests, grasslands, arable sites, and settlements, embedded in near‐natural, agricultural, or urban landscapes. Our results show that abundance and species density of dung‐visiting beetles were negatively affected by agricultural land use at both spatial scales, whereas γ‐diversity at the local scale was negatively affected by settlements and on a landscape scale equally by agricultural and urban land use. Increasing precipitation diminished dung‐visiting beetle abundance, and higher temperatures reduced community specialization on dung types and γ‐diversity. These results indicate that intensive land use and high temperatures may cause a loss in dung‐visiting beetle diversity and alter community networks. A decrease in dung‐visiting beetle diversity may disturb decomposition processes at both local and landscape scales and alter ecosystem functioning, which may lead to drastic ecological and economic damage.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.v12.10
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9386
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A comparison of different Malaise trap types
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Insect Conservation and Diversity Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2022-11), p. 666-672
    Details
    In: Insect Conservation and Diversity, Wiley, Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 2022-11), p. 666-672
    Abstract: Recent reports on insect decline have highlighted the need for long‐term data on insect communities towards identifying their trends and drivers. With the launch of many new insect monitoring schemes to investigate insect communities over large spatial and temporal scales, Malaise traps have become one of the most important tools due to the broad spectrum of species collected and reduced capture bias through passive sampling of insects day and night. However, Malaise traps can vary in size, shape, and colour, and it is unknown how these differences affect biomass, species richness, and composition of trap catch, making it difficult to compare results between studies. We compared five Malaise trap types (three variations of the Townes and two variations of the Bartak Malaise trap) to determine their effects on biomass and species richness as identified by metabarcoding. Insect biomass varied by 20%–55%, not strictly following trap size but varying with trap type. Total species richness was 20%–38% higher in the three Townes trap models compared to the Bartak traps. Bartak traps captured lower richness of highly mobile taxa but increased richness of ground‐dwelling taxa. The white roofed Townes trap captured a higher richness of pollinators. We find that biomass, total richness, and taxa group specific richness are all sensitive to Malaise trap type. Trap type should be carefully considered and aligned to match monitoring and research questions. Additionally, our estimates of trap type effects can be used to adjust results to facilitate comparisons across studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1752-458X , 1752-4598
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/icad.v15.6
    DOI: 10.1111/icad.12604
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2404613-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Diversity and specialization responses to climate and land use differ between deadwood fungi and bacteria
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Ecography
    Details
    In: Ecography, Wiley
    Abstract: Climate and land use are major determinants of biodiversity, and declines in species richness in cold and human exploited landscapes can be caused by lower rates of biotic interactions. Deadwood fungi and bacteria interact strongly with their hosts due to long‐lasting evolutionary trajectories. However, how rates of biotic interactions (specialization) change with temperature and land‐use intensity are unknown for both microbial groups. We hypothesize a decrease in species richness and specialization of communities with decreasing temperature and increasing land use intensity while controlling for precipitation. We used a full‐factorial nested design to disentangle land use at habitat and landscape scale and temperature spanning an area of 300 × 300 km in Germany. We exposed four deadwood objects representing the main tree species in Central Europe (beech, oak, spruce, pine) in 175 study plots. Overall, we found that fungal and bacterial richness, community composition and specialization were weakly related to temperature and land use. Fungal richness was slightly higher in near‐natural than in urban landscapes. Bacterial richness was positively associated with mean annual temperature, negatively associated with local temperature and highest in grassland habitats. Bacterial richness was positively related to the covariate mean annual precipitation. We found strong effects of host‐tree identity on species richness and community composition. A generally high level of fungal host‐tree specialization might explain the weak response to temperature and land use. Effects of host‐tree identity and specialization were more pronounced in fungi. We suggest that host tree changes caused by land use and climate change will be more important for fungal communities, while changes in climate will affect bacterial communities more directly. Contrasting responses of the two taxonomic groups suggest a reorganization of deadwood microbial communities, which might have further consequences on diversity and decomposition in the Anthropocene.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0906-7590 , 1600-0587
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.06807
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2024917-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1112659-0
    SSG: 12
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