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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Integrating modelling of biodiversity composition and ecosystem function
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Oikos Vol. 125, No. 1 ( 2016-01), p. 10-19
    Details
    In: Oikos, Wiley, Vol. 125, No. 1 ( 2016-01), p. 10-19
    Abstract: There is increasing reliance on ecological models to improve our understanding of how ecological systems work, to project likely outcomes under alternative global change scenarios and to help develop robust management strategies. Two common types of spatiotemporally explicit ecological models are those focussed on biodiversity composition and those focussed on ecosystem function. These modelling disciplines are largely practiced separately, with separate literature, despite growing evidence that natural systems are shaped by the interaction of composition and function. Here we call for the development of new modelling approaches that integrate composition and function, accounting for the important interactions between these two dimensions, particularly under rapid global change. We examine existing modelling approaches that have begun to combine elements of composition and function, identifying their potential contribution to fully integrated modelling approaches. The development and application of integrated models of composition and function face a number of important challenges, including biological data limitations, system knowledge and computational constraints. We suggest a range of promising avenues that could help researchers overcome these challenges, including the use of virtual species, macroecological relationships and hybrid correlative‐mechanistic modelling. Explicitly accounting for the interactions between composition and function within integrated modelling approaches has the potential to improve our understanding of ecological systems, provide more accurate predictions of their future states and transform their management. Synthesis There is increasing attention from researchers and policy makers around the world on both assessing and projecting the state of the planet's biodiversity, its ecosystems and the essential services they provide to society. However, existing modelling approaches largely ignore the interactions between biodiversity composition and ecosystem function. We highlight the key challenges and potential solutions to developing integrated models of composition and function. Such models will require a new effort and focus from ecologists, yet the benefits are likely to be substantial, including better informing the management of natural systems at regional, national and international scales.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0030-1299 , 1600-0706
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.2015.v125.i1
    DOI: 10.1111/oik.02792
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025658-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 207359-6
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  • 2
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    Present and future biodiversity risks from fossil fuel exploitation
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Conservation Letters Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2018-07)
    Details
    In: Conservation Letters, Wiley, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2018-07)
    Abstract: Currently, human society is predominantly powered by fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—yet also ultimately depends on goods and services provided by biodiversity. Fossil fuel extraction impacts biodiversity indirectly through climate change and by increasing accessibility, and directly through habitat loss and pollution. In contrast to the indirect effects, quantification of the direct impacts has been relatively neglected. To address this, we analyze the potential threat to  〉 37,000 species and  〉 190,000 protected areas globally from the locations of present and future fossil fuel extraction in marine and terrestrial environments. Sites that are currently exploited have higher species richness and endemism than unexploited sites, whereas known future hydrocarbon activities will predominantly move into less biodiverse locations. We identify 181 “high‐risk” locations where oil or gas extraction suitability coincides with biodiversity importance, making conflicts between extraction and conservation probable. In total, protected areas are located on $3‐15 trillion of unexploited hydrocarbon reserves, posing challenges and potentially opportunities for protected area management and sustainable financing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1755-263X , 1755-263X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/conl.2018.11.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1111/conl.12448
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2430375-6
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  • 3
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    Integrated assessment models for ecologists: the present and the future
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Global Ecology and Biogeography Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2014-02), p. 124-143
    Details
    In: Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley, Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2014-02), p. 124-143
    Abstract: Human impacts on the biosphere are a matter of urgent and growing concern, with ecologists increasingly being asked to project biodiversity futures. The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ( IPBES ) is likely to comprehensively assess such projections, yet despite being widely used and potentially critical tools for analysing socio‐environmental futures, integrated assessment models ( IAM s) have received little attention from ecological modellers. We aim to raise awareness and understanding of IAM s among ecologists by describing the structure and composition of IAM s, assessing their utility for biodiversity projections and identifying limitations that hamper greater interaction between scientists using IAMs and those using ecological models. We also hope to inspire more accessible and applicable models by suggesting development needs for IAM s. Methods We conduct a systematic review of four state‐of‐the‐art IAM s, which describes and contrasts key model features and analyses six aspects of IAM s that are of fundamental interest to ecologists. Conclusions IAM s could be valuable for modelling biodiversity futures; however, current IAM s were not developed for this application and challenges remain for ecologists looking to use their outputs. Separating and understanding the differences resulting from IAM formulation and those resulting from specific scenario assumptions is currently problematic, and current IAM s may be unable to accurately represent environmental conditions for both Earth‐system projections and for building robust models of biodiversity because key ecological processes are absent. We suggest that model intercomparisons would identify differences in model dynamics, and detailed studies of how dynamical interactions between components influence behaviour would address why such differences arise. Bio‐economic fisheries models and agriculture pollination models provide starting points for integrating key ecological feedbacks within IAM s. Ultimately, making IAM s more accessible within the multidisciplinary study of global change, drawing on user‐centred research, would enable more resolved, reliable and accurate assessment of how Earth's socio‐ecological system is approaching planetary boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1466-822X , 1466-8238
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.2014.23.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.12100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479787-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021283-5
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  • 4
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    Combining marine macroecology and palaeoecology in understanding biodiversity: microfossils as a model : Marine macroecology-palaeoecology integration
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Biological Reviews Vol. 92, No. 1 ( 2017-02), p. 199-215
    Details
    In: Biological Reviews, Wiley, Vol. 92, No. 1 ( 2017-02), p. 199-215
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1464-7931
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/brv.12223
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1423558-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1476789-2
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  • 5
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    Sufficiency and Suitability of Global Biodiversity Indicators for Monitoring Progress to 2020 Targets
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Conservation Letters Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2016-11), p. 489-494
    Details
    In: Conservation Letters, Wiley, Vol. 9, No. 6 ( 2016-11), p. 489-494
    Abstract: Biodiversity indicators are widely used tools to help determine rates of biodiversity change and the success or failure of efforts to conserve it. However, their sufficiency and suitability in providing information for decision‐makers is unclear. Here, we review the indicators brought together under the Biodiversity Indicator Partnership to monitor progress towards the Aichi Targets to determine where there are gaps. Of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, Targets 2, 3, and 15 are missing indicators entirely. Scoring the indicators in relation to their alignment, temporal relevance and spatial scale shows additional gaps under Targets 1, 13, and 16–20. Predominately, gaps were found to be socio‐economic in nature (i.e., benefits, pressures, and responses) rather than status‐related (i.e., states), principally due to a poor alignment between the indicator and the text of the Aichi Target. Hence, it is critical that existing indicators are properly resourced and maintained and new indicators developed to be able to effectively monitor biodiversity and its influencing factors to 2020 and beyond.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1755-263X , 1755-263X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/conl.2016.9.issue-6
    DOI: 10.1111/conl.12329
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2430375-6
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  • 6
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    Marine extinction risk shaped by trait–environment interactions over 500 million years
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 21, No. 10 ( 2015-10), p. 3595-3607
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 21, No. 10 ( 2015-10), p. 3595-3607
    Abstract: Perhaps the most pressing issue in predicting biotic responses to present and future global change is understanding how environmental factors shape the relationship between ecological traits and extinction risk. The fossil record provides millions of years of insight into how extinction selectivity (i.e., differential extinction risk) is shaped by interactions between ecological traits and environmental conditions. Numerous paleontological studies have examined trait‐based extinction selectivity; however, the extent to which these patterns are shaped by environmental conditions is poorly understood due to a lack of quantitative synthesis across studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis of published studies on fossil marine bivalves and gastropods that span 458 million years to uncover how global environmental and geochemical changes covary with trait‐based extinction selectivity. We focused on geographic range size and life habit (i.e., infaunal vs. epifaunal), two of the most important and commonly examined predictors of extinction selectivity. We used geochemical proxies related to global climate, as well as indicators of ocean acidification, to infer average global environmental conditions. Life‐habit selectivity is weakly dependent on environmental conditions, with infaunal species relatively buffered from extinction during warmer climate states. In contrast, the odds of taxa with broad geographic ranges surviving an extinction ( 〉 2500 km for genera, 〉 500 km for species) are on average three times greater than narrow‐ranging taxa (estimate of odds ratio: 2.8, 95% confidence interval = 2.3–3.5), regardless of the prevailing global environmental conditions. The environmental independence of geographic range size extinction selectivity emphasizes the critical role of geographic range size in setting conservation priorities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.2015.21.issue-10
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12963
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 7
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    Human impacts on the species–area relationship in reef fish assemblages
    Wiley ; 2007
    In:  Ecology Letters Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2007-09), p. 760-772
    Details
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2007-09), p. 760-772
    Abstract: The relationship between species richness and area is one of the oldest, most recognized patterns in ecology. Here we provide empirical evidence for strong impacts of fisheries exploitation on the slope of the species–area relationship (SAR). Using comparative field surveys of fish on protected and exploited reefs in three oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, we show that exploitation consistently depresses the slope of the SAR for both power‐law and exponential models. The magnitude of change appears to be proportional to fishing intensity. Results are independent of taxonomic resolution and robust across coral and rocky reefs, sampling protocols and statistical methods. Changes in species richness, relative abundance and patch occupancy all appear to contribute to this pattern. We conclude that exploitation pressure impacts the fundamental scaling of biodiversity as well as the species richness and spatial distribution patterns of reef fish. We propose that species–area curves can be sensitive indicators of community‐level changes in biodiversity, and may be useful in quantifying the human imprint on reef biodiversity, and potentially elsewhere.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.2007.10.issue-9
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01076.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020195-3
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  • 8
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    Environmental drivers of ophiuroid species richness on seamounts
    Wiley ; 2010
    In:  Marine Ecology Vol. 31, No. s1 ( 2010-09), p. 26-38
    Details
    In: Marine Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 31, No. s1 ( 2010-09), p. 26-38
    Abstract: Benthic communities on seamounts are frequently characterised as being species rich, yet there is considerable variation in observed species richness. Although large‐scale patterns of species richness have been described from many marine and terrestrial habitats, their environmental drivers often remain poorly understood. We compared species richness of ophiuroids (brittle‐stars) on 60 seamounts throughout the South West Pacific Ocean, and used an information‐theoretic approach and generalized linear models to determine the relative importance of predictor variables. Due to high correlation among many environmental variables, we used a reduced set of predictors in an a priori model framework. Temperature was the only environmental predictor of any importance in these models over the bathymetric range of the study. Post‐hoc analyses of other potential environmental predictor variables showed that depth, calcite saturation state, temperature range, modelled current velocity and latitude all had some predictive value, but were also highly correlated with temperature or other environmental variables included in the a priori model. Longitude, large‐area species richness, habitat suitability for stony corals, and modelled POC flux did not have high predictive value. We hypothesise that temperature affects richness by constraining species distributions; in particular fewer species can tolerate the conditions on relatively warm shallow seamount summits.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0173-9565 , 1439-0485
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mae.2010.31.issue-s1
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00373.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020745-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 225578-9
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  • 9
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    Seamounts as refugia from ocean acidification for cold‐water stony corals
    Wiley ; 2010
    In:  Marine Ecology Vol. 31, No. s1 ( 2010-09), p. 212-225
    Details
    In: Marine Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 31, No. s1 ( 2010-09), p. 212-225
    Abstract: Cold‐water stony corals create habitat for a diverse range of deep‐water species but are thought to be threatened by ocean acidification due to oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 . Knowledge of the severity of this threat is hampered by our limited understanding of the distribution and habitat requirements of these corals. Here we estimate the global acidification threat to these organisms using a global database of cold‐water stony coral records and a species distribution modelling approach. We parameterised the models using present‐day environmental data, and then replaced these data with future projections of ocean chemistry from the year 2099. We found suitable coral habitat to be very heterogeneously distributed, being concentrated in the northern North Atlantic and around New Zealand. Projected changes in ocean chemistry induced a pronounced reduction in habitat suitability in the North Atlantic, and a low‐to‐moderate impact elsewhere under both the IPCC IS92a and S650 scenarios. Seamount summits are impacted by these changes, but consistently provide more suitable habitat than the surrounding seafloor, with around 98% of seamount summits having higher suitability in both future scenarios; this is because they lie in shallower waters with a higher aragonite saturation state. These results suggest that anthropogenic‐induced changes in ocean chemistry are likely to severely impact cold‐water stony coral habitat in the deep‐sea of the North Atlantic, and that impacts will be less severe elsewhere. We predict that coral communities on the summits and upper slopes of seamounts will be less susceptible to ocean acidification during this century than those on the surrounding seafloor, and thus that seamounts may serve as temporary refugia.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0173-9565 , 1439-0485
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mae.2010.31.issue-s1
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00393.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020745-1
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  • 10
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    Evaluating the relationships between the legal and illegal international wildlife trades
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Conservation Letters Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2020-09)
    Details
    In: Conservation Letters, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 5 ( 2020-09)
    Abstract: The international legal trade in wildlife can provide economic and other benefits, but when unsustainable can be a driver of population declines. This impact is magnified by the additional burden of illegal trade, yet how it covaries with legal trade remains little explored. We combined law‐enforcement time‐series of seizures of wildlife goods imported into the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) with data on reported legal trade to evaluate the evidence for any relationships. Our analysis examined 28 US and 20 EU products derived from CITES‐listed species with high volume and frequency of both reported trade and seizures. On average, seizures added 28% and 9% to US and EU reported legal trade levels respectively, and in several cases exceeded legal imports. We detected a significant but weak overall positive relationship between seizure volumes and reported trade into the US over time, but not into the EU. These results highlight the importance of maintaining long‐term records of border seizures and enforcement effort, and accounting for illegal trade where possible in non‐detriment findings. Our findings suggest a complex and nuanced temporal association between the illegal and legal wildlife trades.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1755-263X , 1755-263X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/conl.v13.5
    DOI: 10.1111/conl.12724
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2430375-6
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