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  • 1
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    Investigating ancient agricultural field systems in Sweden from airborne LIDAR data by using convolutional neural network
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Archaeological Prospection Vol. 30, No. 2 ( 2023-04), p. 209-219
    Details
    In: Archaeological Prospection, Wiley, Vol. 30, No. 2 ( 2023-04), p. 209-219
    Abstract: Today, the advances in airborne LIDAR technology provide high‐resolution datasets that allow specialists to detect archaeological features hidden under wooded areas more efficiently. Still, the complexity and large scale of these datasets require automated analysis. In this respect, artificial intelligence (AI)‐based analysis has recently created an alternative approach for interpreting remote sensing data. In this study, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to detect clearance cairns, which are visible in today's landscape and act as important markers of past agricultural activities. For this aim, the U‐shape network architecture is adapted, trained from scratch with an original labelled dataset and tested in various field sites, focusing on southern Sweden. Although it is challenging to tune the hyperparameters and decide on the proper network architecture to obtain reliable prediction, long‐running experimental tests with this model produced promising results, with training and validation metrics of 0.8406 Dice‐coefficient, 0.7469 Val‐dice coefficient, and 0.7350 IuO and 0.6034 Val‐IoU values, once trained with the best parameters. Thus, the proposed CNN model in this study made data interpretation quicker and guided scholars to focus on the location of the target objects, opening a new frontier for future landscape analysis and archaeological research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1075-2196 , 1099-0763
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/arp.v30.2
    DOI: 10.1002/arp.1886
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2001224-X
    SSG: 6,14
    SSG: 6,11
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  • 2
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    High Serum SHBG Predicts Incident Vertebral Fractures in Elderly Men
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 31, No. 3 ( 2016-03), p. 683-689
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 31, No. 3 ( 2016-03), p. 683-689
    Abstract: Previous prospective cohort studies have shown that serum levels of sex steroids and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) associate with nonvertebral fracture risk in men. The predictive value of sex hormones and SHBG for vertebral fracture risk specifically is, however, less studied. Elderly men (aged ≥65 years) from Sweden and Hong Kong participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study had baseline estradiol and testosterone analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and SHBG by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). Incident clinical vertebral fractures ( n  = 242 cases) were evaluated in 4324 men during an average follow‐up of 9.1 years. In a subsample of these men ( n  = 2256), spine X‐rays were obtained at baseline and after an average follow‐up of 4.3 years to identify incident radiographic vertebral fractures ( n  = 157 cases). The likelihood of incident clinical and radiographic vertebral fractures was estimated by Cox proportional hazards models and logistic regression models, respectively. Neither serum estradiol (hazard ratio [HR] per SD increase = 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80–1.08) nor testosterone (1.05, 0.91–1.21) predicted incident clinical vertebral fractures in age‐adjusted models in the combined data set. High serum SHBG, however, associated with increased clinical vertebral fracture risk (1.24, 1.12–1.37). This association remained significant after further adjustment for FRAX with or without bone mineral density (BMD). SHBG also associated with increased incident radiographic vertebral fracture risk (combined data set; odds ratio [OR] per SD increase = 1.23, 95% CI 1.05–1.44). This association remained significant after adjustment for FRAX with or without BMD. In conclusion, high SHBG predicts incident clinical and radiographic vertebral fractures in elderly men and adds moderate information beyond FRAX with BMD for vertebral fracture risk prediction. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431 , 1523-4681
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.v31.3
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2718
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008867-X
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  • 3
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    The Limited Clinical Utility of Testosterone, Estradiol, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Measurements in the Prediction of Fracture Risk and Bone Loss in Older Men
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 32, No. 3 ( 2017-03), p. 633-640
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 32, No. 3 ( 2017-03), p. 633-640
    Abstract: Measurement of serum testosterone (T) levels is recommended in the evaluation of osteoporosis in older men and estradiol (E2) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels are associated with the rate of bone loss and fractures, but the clinical utility of sex steroid and SHBG measurements for the evaluation of osteoporosis in men has not been examined. To evaluate whether measurements of T, E2, and/or SHBG are useful for the prediction of fracture risk or the rate of bone loss in older men, we analyzed longitudinal data from 5487 community‐based men participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study in the United States, Sweden, and Hong Kong. Serum T, E2, and SHBG levels were assessed at baseline; incident fractures were self‐reported at 4‐month intervals with radiographic verification (US), or ascertained via national health records (Sweden, Hong Kong). Rate of bone loss was assessed by serial measures of hip bone mineral density (BMD). We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) to assess improvement in prediction. Mean age at baseline was 72 to 75 years and the prevalence of low T levels ( 〈 300 ng/dL) was 7.6% to 21.3% in the three cohorts. There were 619 incident major osteoporotic and 266 hip fractures during follow‐up of approximately 10 years. Based on ROC curves, there were no improvements in fracture risk discrimination for any biochemical measure when added to models, including the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) with BMD. Although minor improvements in NRI were observed for the dichotomous parameters low bioavailable E2 (BioE2) ( 〈 11.4 pg/mL) and high SHBG ( 〉 59.1 nM), neither sex steroids nor SHBG provided clinically useful improvement in fracture risk discrimination. Similarly, they did not contribute to the prediction of BMD change. In conclusion, there is limited clinical utility of serum E2, T, and SHBG measures for the evaluation of osteoporosis risk in elderly men. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431 , 1523-4681
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.v32.3
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3021
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 4
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    Low Testosterone, but Not Estradiol, Is Associated With Incident Falls in Older Men: The International MrOS Study
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 32, No. 6 ( 2017-06), p. 1174-1181
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 32, No. 6 ( 2017-06), p. 1174-1181
    Abstract: Fracture risk is determined by bone strength and the risk of falls. The relationship between serum sex steroids and bone strength parameters in men is well known, whereas the predictive value of sex steroids for falls is less studied. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between serum testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) and the likelihood of falls. Older men (aged ≥65 years) from the United States ( n  = 1919), Sweden ( n  = 2495), and Hong Kong ( n  = 1469) participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study had baseline T and E2 analyzed by mass spectrometry. Bioavailable (Bio) levels were calculated using mass action equations. Incident falls were ascertained every 4 months during a mean follow‐up of 5.7 years. Associations between sex steroids and falls were estimated by generalized estimating equations. Fall rate was highest in the US and lowest in Hong Kong (US 0.50, Sweden 0.31, Hong Kong 0.12 fall reports/person/year). In the combined cohort of 5883 men, total T (odds ratio [OR] per SD increase = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–0.91) and BioT (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.83–0.88) were associated with incident falls in models adjusted for age and prevalent falls. These associations were only slightly attenuated after simultaneous adjustment for physical performance variables (total T: OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.91–0.96; BioT: OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.89–0.94). E2, BioE2, and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) were not significantly associated with falls. Analyses in the individual cohorts showed that both total T and BioT were associated with falls in MrOS US and Sweden. No association was found in MrOS Hong Kong, and this may be attributable to environmental factors rather than ethnic differences because total T and BioT predicted falls in MrOS US Asians. In conclusion, low total T and BioT levels, but not E2 or SHBG, are associated with increased falls in older men. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431 , 1523-4681
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.v32.6
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3088
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 5
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    High Plasma Erythropoietin Predicts Incident Fractures in Elderly Men with Normal Renal Function: The MrOS Sweden Cohort
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 35, No. 2 ( 2020-02), p. 298-305
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 35, No. 2 ( 2020-02), p. 298-305
    Abstract: Preclinical studies on the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in bone metabolism are contradictory. Regeneration models indicate an anabolic effect on bone healing, whereas models on physiologic bone remodeling indicate a catabolic effect on bone mass. No human studies on EPO and fracture risk are available. It is known that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) affects bone mineralization and that serum concentration of FGF23 is higher in men with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Recently, a direct association between EPO and FGF23 has been shown. We have explored the potential association between EPO and bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk, and FGF23 in humans. Plasma levels of EPO were analyzed in 999 men (aged 69 to 81 years), participating in the Gothenburg part of the population‐based Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, MrOS Sweden. The mean ± SD EPO was 11.5 ± 9.0 IU/L. Results were stratified by eGFR 60 mL/min. For men with eGFR ≥60 mL/min ( n = 728), EPO was associated with age ( r = 0.13, p   〈  0.001), total hip BMD ( r = 0.14, p   〈  0.001), intact (i)FGF23 ( r = 0.11, p = 0.004), and osteocalcin ( r = −0.09, p = 0.022). The association between total hip BMD and EPO was independent of age, body mass index (BMI), iFGF23, and hemoglobin (beta = 0.019, p   〈  0.001). During the 10‐year follow‐up, 164 men had an X‐ray–verified fracture, including 117 major osteoporotic fractures (MOF), 39 hip fractures, and 64 vertebral fractures. High EPO was associated with higher risk for incident fractures (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.43 per tertile EPO, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35–1.63), MOF (HR = 1.40 per tertile EPO, 95% CI 1.08–1.82), and vertebral fractures (HR = 1.42 per tertile EPO, 95% CI 1.00–2.01) in a fully adjusted Cox regression model. In men with eGFR 〈 60 mL/min, no association was found between EPO and BMD or fracture risk. We here demonstrate that high levels of EPO are associated with increased fracture risk and increased BMD in elderly men with normal renal function. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431 , 1523-4681
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.v35.2
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3900
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 6
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    Exercise During Growth and Young Adulthood Is Independently Associated With Cortical Bone Size and Strength in Old Swedish Men : EXERCISE DURING GROWTH AND CORTICAL BONE SIZE AT OLD AGE
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 29, No. 8 ( 2014-08), p. 1795-1804
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 29, No. 8 ( 2014-08), p. 1795-1804
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2212
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 7
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    Sarcopenia Definitions as Predictors of Fracture Risk Independent of FRAX ® , Falls, and BMD in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men ( MrOS ) Study: A Meta‐Analysis
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 36, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 1235-1244
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 36, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 1235-1244
    Abstract: Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)‐derived appendicular lean mass/height 2 (ALM/ht 2 ) is the most commonly used estimate of muscle mass in the assessment of sarcopenia, but its predictive value for fracture is substantially attenuated by femoral neck (fn) bone mineral density (BMD). We investigated predictive value of 11 sarcopenia definitions for incident fracture, independent of fnBMD, fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX ® ) probability, and prior falls, using an extension of Poisson regression in US, Sweden, and Hong Kong Osteoporois Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) cohorts. Definitions tested were those of Baumgartner and Delmonico (ALM/ht 2 only), Morley, the International Working Group on Sarcopenia, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP1 and 2), Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) 1 and 2 (using ALM/body mass index [BMI], incorporating muscle strength and/or physical performance measures plus ALM/ht 2 ), and Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (gait speed and grip strength). Associations were adjusted for age and time since baseline and reported as hazard ratio (HR) for first incident fracture, here major osteoporotic fracture (MOF; clinical vertebral, hip, distal forearm, proximal humerus). Further analyses adjusted additionally for FRAX‐MOF probability ( n  = 7531; calculated ± fnBMD), prior falls (y/n), or fnBMD T ‐score. Results were synthesized by meta‐analysis. In 5660 men in USA, 2764 Sweden and 1987 Hong Kong (mean ages 73.5, 75.4, and 72.4 years, respectively), sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 35%. Sarcopenia status, by all definitions except those of FNIH, was associated with incident MOF (HR = 1.39 to 2.07). Associations were robust to adjustment for prior falls or FRAX probability (without fnBMD); adjustment for fnBMD T ‐score attenuated associations. EWGSOP2 severe sarcopenia (incorporating chair stand time, gait speed, and grip strength plus ALM) was most predictive, albeit at low prevalence, and appeared only modestly influenced by inclusion of fnBMD. In conclusion, the predictive value for fracture of sarcopenia definitions based on ALM is reduced by adjustment for fnBMD but strengthened by additional inclusion of physical performance measures. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431 , 1523-4681
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.v36.7
    DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4293
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 8
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    Age of Attainment of Peak Bone Mass Is Site Specific in Swedish Men—The GOOD Study
    Wiley ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2005-07), p. 1223-1227
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2005-07), p. 1223-1227
    Abstract: Results from this study suggest that PBM has been attained in the spine and femoral neck, but not in the radius or tibia, in 18‐ to 20‐year‐old men, in which an endosteal contraction and increase in cortical volumetric BMD is observed. Introduction: Peak bone mass (PBM) is an important determinant for the risk of osteoporosis. In men, the age of attainment of PBM has been under some controversy. The objective of this study was to determine if peak bone mass had been attained, and whether it is site specific, in 18‐ to 20‐year‐old Swedish men. Materials and Methods: The Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinants (GOOD) Study consists of 1068 men, 18.9 ± 0.6 years of age. BMD was measured using both DXA and pQCT. Environmental factors, such as dietary intake and physical activity, were assessed through questionnaires. The independent predictors of BMD were assessed through multiple linear regression, including age, height, weight, calcium intake, smoking, and physical activity. Results and Conclusions: We show, in a large well‐characterized cohort, that age was not an independent predictor of BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, or total body, indicating that peak BMD has been achieved in these skeletal sites, whereas it was an independent predictor of BMD of the radius, suggesting that peak BMD has not yet been attained in the long bones. pQCT analyses of the radius and the tibia revealed that age was associated with cortical volumetric BMD and endosteal contraction of the radius and tibia. These results show that the age of attainment of PBM is site specific.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431 , 1523-4681
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1359/JBMR.050306
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 9
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    Free Testosterone Is a Positive, Whereas Free Estradiol Is a Negative, Predictor of Cortical Bone Size in Young Swedish Men: The GOOD Study
    Wiley ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2005-08), p. 1334-1341
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2005-08), p. 1334-1341
    Abstract: In this study, we evaluated the predictive roles of sex steroids for skeletal parameters in young men ( n = 1068) at the age of peak bone mass. Serum free estradiol was a negative predictor, whereas free testosterone and SHBG were positive predictors of cortical bone size. Introduction: Previous studies have shown that free estradiol in serum is an independent predictor of areal BMD (aBMD) in elderly men. The aim of this study was to determine whether sex steroids are predictors of volumetric BMD (vBMD) and/or size of the trabecular and cortical bone compartments in young men at the age of peak bone mass. Materials and Methods: The Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinants (GOOD) study consists of 1068 men, 18.9 ± 0.6 years of age. Serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured, and free levels of testosterone and estradiol were calculated. The size of the cortical bone and the cortical and trabecular vBMDs were measured by pQCT. Results: Regression models including age, height, weight, free estradiol, and free testosterone showed that free estradiol was an independent negative predictor of cortical cross‐sectional area (tibia β = −0.111, p 〈 0.001; radius β = −0.125, p 〈 0.001), periosteal circumference, and endosteal circumference, whereas it was a positive independent predictor of cortical vBMD (tibia β = 0.100, p 〈 0.003; radius β = 0.115, p = 0.001) in both the tibia and radius. Free testosterone was an independent positive predictor of cortical cross‐sectional area (tibia β = 0.071, p = 0.013; radius β = 0.064, p = 0.039), periosteal circumference, and endosteal circumference in both the tibia and radius. Neither cortical nor trabecular vBMD was associated with free testosterone. SHBG was an independent positive predictor of parameters reflecting the size of the cortical bone, including cross‐sectional area (β = 0.078, p = 0.009), periosteal circumference, and endosteal circumference. Conclusions: Free estradiol is a negative, whereas free testosterone is a positive, predictor of cortical bone size in young men at the age of peak bone mass. These findings support the notion that estrogens reduce, whereas androgens increase, cortical bone size, resulting in the well‐known sexual dimorphism of cortical bone geometry.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431 , 1523-4681
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1359/JBMR.050404
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 10
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    Leptin Is a Negative Independent Predictor of Areal BMD and Cortical Bone Size in Young Adult Swedish Men
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2006-08-28), p. 1871-1878
    Details
    In: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Wiley, Vol. 21, No. 12 ( 2006-08-28), p. 1871-1878
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0884-0431
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060814
    RVK:
    XA 52230
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
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