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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Evolutionary stability, landscape heterogeneity, and human land‐usage shape population genetic connectivity in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Evolutionary Applications Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2021-04), p. 1109-1123
    Details
    In: Evolutionary Applications, Wiley, Vol. 14, No. 4 ( 2021-04), p. 1109-1123
    Abstract: As human‐induced change eliminates natural habitats, it impacts genetic diversity and population connectivity for local biodiversity. The South African Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is the most diverse extratropical area for plant biodiversity, and much of its habitat is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site. There has long been great interest in explaining the underlying factors driving this unique diversity, especially as much of the CFR is endangered by urbanization and other anthropogenic activity. Here, we use a population and landscape genetic analysis of SNP data from the CFR endemic plant Leucadendron salignum or “common sunshine conebush” as a model to address the evolutionary and environmental factors shaping the vast CFR diversity. We found that high population structure, along with relatively deeper and older genealogies, is characteristic of the southwestern CFR, whereas low population structure and more recent lineage coalescence depict the eastern CFR. Population network analyses show genetic connectivity is facilitated in areas of lower elevation and higher seasonal precipitation. These population genetic signatures corroborate CFR species‐level patterns consistent with high Pleistocene biome stability and landscape heterogeneity in the southwest, but with coincident instability in the east. Finally, we also find evidence of human land‐usage as a significant gene flow barrier, especially in severely threatened lowlands where genetic connectivity has been historically the highest. These results help identify areas where conservation plans can prioritize protecting high genetic diversity threatened by contemporary human activities within this unique cultural UNESCO site.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1752-4571 , 1752-4571
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/eva.v14.4
    DOI: 10.1111/eva.13185
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2405496-3
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  • 2
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    A roadmap for urban evolutionary ecology
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Evolutionary Applications Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2019-03), p. 384-398
    Details
    In: Evolutionary Applications, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2019-03), p. 384-398
    Abstract: Urban ecosystems are rapidly expanding throughout the world, but how urban growth affects the evolutionary ecology of species living in urban areas remains largely unknown. Urban ecology has advanced our understanding of how the development of cities and towns change environmental conditions and alter ecological processes and patterns. However, despite decades of research in urban ecology, the extent to which urbanization influences evolutionary and eco‐evolutionary change has received little attention. The nascent field of urban evolutionary ecology seeks to understand how urbanization affects the evolution of populations, and how those evolutionary changes in turn influence the ecological dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Following a brief history of this emerging field, this Perspective article provides a research agenda and roadmap for future research aimed at advancing our understanding of the interplay between ecology and evolution of urban‐dwelling organisms. We identify six key questions that, if addressed, would significantly increase our understanding of how urbanization influences evolutionary processes. These questions consider how urbanization affects nonadaptive evolution, natural selection, and convergent evolution, in addition to the role of urban environmental heterogeneity on species evolution, and the roles of phenotypic plasticity versus adaptation on species’ abundance in cities. Our final question examines the impact of urbanization on evolutionary diversification. For each of these six questions, we suggest avenues for future research that will help advance the field of urban evolutionary ecology. Lastly, we highlight the importance of integrating urban evolutionary ecology into urban planning, conservation practice, pest management, and public engagement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1752-4571 , 1752-4571
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/eva.2019.12.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1111/eva.12734
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2405496-3
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Moving past the challenges and misconceptions in urban adaptation research
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-11)
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-11)
    Abstract: Although the field of urban evolutionary ecology has recently expanded, much progress has been made in identifying adaptations that arise as a result of selective pressures within these unique environments. However, as studies within urban environments have rapidly increased, researchers have recognized that there are challenges and opportunities in characterizing urban adaptation. Some of these challenges are a consequence of increased direct and indirect human influence, which compounds long‐recognized issues with research on adaptive evolution more generally. In this perspective, we discuss several common research challenges to urban adaptation related to (1) methodological approaches, (2) trait–environment relationships and the natural history of organisms, (3) agents and targets of selection, and (4) habitat heterogeneity. Ignoring these challenges may lead to misconceptions and further impede our ability to draw conclusions regarding evolutionary and ecological processes in urban environments. Our goal is to first shed light on the conceptual challenges of conducting urban adaptation research to help avoid the propagation of these misconceptions. We further summarize potential strategies to move forward productively to construct a more comprehensive picture of urban adaptation, and discuss how urban environments also offer unique opportunities and applications for adaptation research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.v12.11
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9552
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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  • 4
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    Urban evolution comes into its own: Emerging themes and future directions of a burgeoning field
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Evolutionary Applications Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-01), p. 3-11
    Details
    In: Evolutionary Applications, Wiley, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-01), p. 3-11
    Abstract: Urbanization has recently emerged as an exciting new direction for evolutionary research founded on our growing understanding of rapid evolution paired with the expansion of novel urban habitats. Urbanization can influence adaptive and nonadaptive evolution in urban‐dwelling species, but generalized patterns and the predictability of urban evolutionary responses within populations remain unclear. This editorial introduces the special feature “Evolution in Urban Environments” and addresses four major emerging themes, which include: (a) adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity via physiological responses to urban climate, (b) adaptive evolution via phenotype–environment relationships in urban habitats, (c) population connectivity and genetic drift in urban landscapes, and (d) human–wildlife interactions in urban spaces. Here, we present the 16 articles (12 empirical, 3 review, 1 capstone) within this issue and how they represent each of these four emerging themes in urban evolutionary biology. Finally, we discuss how these articles address previous questions and have now raised new ones, highlighting important new directions for the field.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1752-4571 , 1752-4571
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/eva.v14.1
    DOI: 10.1111/eva.13165
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2405496-3
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  • 5
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    Effects of urbanization on specialist insect communities of milkweed are mediated by spatial and temporal variation
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2022-09)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2022-09)
    Abstract: Urbanization drastically alters landscapes in ways that can threaten local biodiversity. Although species loss has been well documented in urban habitats, why some species persist and not others, and how species interactions change remain poorly understood, especially for species with specialized niche requirements. Here, we test the hypothesis that urbanization disrupts specialized plant–herbivore interactions, and these effects vary according to the characteristics of both cities and the features of the organisms themselves. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed milkweed specialist herbivore communities in the early and late growing season of the common milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca ) across six cities that varied in size by two orders of magnitude. Four results are most important to answering our research questions: (1) the abundance of herbivore species was higher in urban than in rural habitats, whereas leaf herbivory was higher in rural than in urban habitats, and these effects varied between seasons and among cities; (2) the higher species diversity and abundance are likely due to a few species being more associated with rural habitats and other species more common in urban habitats, and thus, urbanization alters insect community composition; (3) the species with the lowest dispersal abilities, Rhyssomatus lineaticollis and Liriomyza asclepiadis , were those that were most strongly affected by urbanization, with R. lineaticollis less abundant and L. asclepiadis more abundant in urban areas; and (4) urbanization influenced plant–herbivore interactions by reducing herbivory, but it did not alter species interactions among herbivorous insects. Biodiversity loss, particularly declines of habitat and host specialists, in urban areas remains a critical concern for conservation. Our results indicate that at least some specialist herbivores are more abundant in urban areas than in rural areas and that species interactions remain intact.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.v13.9
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4222
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2572257-8
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  • 6
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    Gene flow and genetic drift in urban environments
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Molecular Ecology Vol. 28, No. 18 ( 2019-09), p. 4138-4151
    Details
    In: Molecular Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 18 ( 2019-09), p. 4138-4151
    Abstract: Evidence is growing that human modification of landscapes has dramatically altered evolutionary processes. In urban population genetic studies, urbanization is typically predicted to act as a barrier that isolates populations of species, leading to increased genetic drift within populations and reduced gene flow between populations. However, urbanization may also facilitate dispersal among populations, leading to higher genetic diversity within, and lower differentiation between, urban populations. We reviewed the literature on nonadaptive urban evolution to evaluate the support for each of these urban fragmentation and facilitation models. In a review of the literature with supporting quantitative analyses of 167 published urban population genetics studies, we found a weak signature of reduced within‐population genetic diversity and no evidence of consistently increased between‐population genetic differentiation associated with urbanization. In addition, we found that urban landscape features act as barriers or conduits to gene flow, depending on the species and city in question. Thus, we speculate that dispersal ability of species and environmental heterogeneity between cities contributes to the variation exhibited in our results. However, 〉 90% of published studies reviewed here showed an association of urbanization with genetic drift or gene flow, highlighting the strong impact of urbanization on nonadaptive evolution. It is clear that species biology and city heterogeneity obscure patterns of genetic drift and gene flow in a quantitative analysis. Thus, we suggest that future research makes comparisons of multiple cities and nonurban habitats, and takes into consideration species' natural history, environmental variation, spatial modelling and marker selection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-1083 , 1365-294X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mec.v28.18
    DOI: 10.1111/mec.15221
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020749-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1126687-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    Urbanization as a facilitator of gene flow in a human health pest
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Molecular Ecology Vol. 27, No. 16 ( 2018-08), p. 3219-3230
    Details
    In: Molecular Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 27, No. 16 ( 2018-08), p. 3219-3230
    Abstract: Urban fragmentation can reduce gene flow that isolates populations, reduces genetic diversity and increases population differentiation, all of which have negative conservation implications. Alternatively, gene flow may actually be increased among urban areas consistent with an urban facilitation model. In fact, urban adapter pests are able to thrive in the urban environment and may be experiencing human‐mediated transport. Here, we used social network theory with a population genetic approach to investigate the impact of urbanization on genetic connectivity in the Western black widow spider, as an urban pest model of human health concern. We collected genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism variation from mitochondrial and nuclear double‐digest RAD (ddRAD) sequence data sets from 210 individuals sampled from 11 urban and 10 nonurban locales across its distribution of the Western United States. From urban and nonurban contrasts of population, phylogenetic, and network analyses, urban locales have higher within‐population genetic diversity, lower between‐population genetic differentiation and higher estimates of genetic connectivity. Social network analyses show that urban locales not only have more connections, but can act as hubs that drive connectivity among nonurban locales, which show signatures of historical isolation. These results are consistent with an urban facilitation model of gene flow and demonstrate the importance of sampling multiple cities and markers to identify the role that urbanization has had on larger spatial scales. As the urban landscape continues to grow, this approach will help determine what factors influence the spread and adaptation of pests, like the venomous black widow spider, in building policies for human and biodiversity health.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-1083 , 1365-294X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/mec.2018.27.issue-16
    DOI: 10.1111/mec.14783
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020749-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1126687-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Adverse effects of fluorescent dust marking on the behavior of w estern black widow spiderlings
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Vol. 150, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 28-31
    Details
    In: Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, Wiley, Vol. 150, No. 1 ( 2014-01), p. 28-31
    Abstract: Fluorescent dust marking is commonly employed to identify and track small arthropods for studies of ecology, demography, and behavior. Despite its widespread use, no study to date has empirically tested the suitability of dust marking for studies of spider behavior. Here, we test the effects of fluorescent dust marking on proximity of cohabitation, sibling cannibalism, and non‐cannibalistic mortality of w estern black widow spiderlings, L atrodectus hesperus C hamberlin & I vie ( A raneae: T heridiidae). Results indicate that dust‐marked spiderlings cohabitated at closer proximities and died sooner than undusted spiderlings due to a greater incidence of cannibalism in the dust‐marked group. Thus, we conclude that fluorescent dust marking significantly affected the cohabitation and cannibalistic behavior of L . hesperus spiderlings. Although few studies have reported adverse effects of dust marking on arthropods, our results should serve as a warning to future studies that normal behavior may be disrupted by the use of these fluorescent dust markers. Therefore, preliminary testing should be routine when determining the suitability of any marking technique for not only new species, but also new life stages and behaviors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0013-8703 , 1570-7458
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/eea.2013.150.issue-1
    DOI: 10.1111/eea.12140
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2015286-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Risk factors and sources of foodborne hepatitis E virus infection in the United States
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Journal of Medical Virology Vol. 88, No. 9 ( 2016-09), p. 1641-1645
    Details
    In: Journal of Medical Virology, Wiley, Vol. 88, No. 9 ( 2016-09), p. 1641-1645
    Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important human pathogen with pigs and other species serving as natural animal reservoirs. Ample evidence documents sporadic cases of hepatitis E acquired via consumption of undercooked meat. Chronic hepatitis E cases in immunosuppressed individuals are mostly caused by zoonotic HEV of swine origin. We report here the identification of genotype 3 HEV from non‐liver commercial pork from local grocery stores in southwest Virginia, and association of HEV seropositivity to the consumption of undercooked meat in healthy young adults at a university in the United States. These results raise concerns about foodborne HEV transmission in the United States. J. Med. Virol. 88:1641–1645, 2016 . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0146-6615 , 1096-9071
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jmv.v88.9
    DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24497
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 752392-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1475090-9
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  • 10
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    Genomewide Association Study of Alcohol Dependence Identifies Risk Loci Altering Ethanol‐Response Behaviors in Model Organisms
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research Vol. 41, No. 5 ( 2017-05), p. 911-928
    Details
    In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Wiley, Vol. 41, No. 5 ( 2017-05), p. 911-928
    Abstract: Alcohol dependence ( AD ) shows evidence for genetic liability, but genes influencing risk remain largely unidentified. Methods We conducted a genomewide association study in 706 related AD cases and 1,748 unscreened population controls from Ireland. We sought replication in 15,496 samples of European descent. We used model organisms (MOs) to assess the role of orthologous genes in ethanol (EtOH)‐response behaviors. We tested 1 primate‐specific gene for expression differences in case/control postmortem brain tissue. Results We detected significant association in COL 6A3 and suggestive association in 2 previously implicated loci, KLF 12 and RYR 3 . None of these signals are significant in replication. A suggestive signal in the long noncoding RNA LOC 339975 is significant in case:control meta‐analysis, but not in a population sample. Knockdown of a COL 6A3 ortholog in Caenorhabditis elegans reduced EtOH sensitivity. Col6a3 expression correlated with handling‐induced convulsions in mice. Loss of function of the KLF 12 ortholog in C. elegans impaired development of acute functional tolerance (AFT). Klf12 expression correlated with locomotor activation following EtOH injection in mice. Loss of function of the RYR 3 ortholog reduced EtOH sensitivity in C. elegans and rapid tolerance in Drosophila . The ryanodine receptor antagonist dantrolene reduced motivation to self‐administer EtOH in rats. Expression of LOC 339975 does not differ between cases and controls but is reduced in carriers of the associated rs11726136 allele in nucleus accumbens (NAc). Conclusions We detect association between AD and COL 6A3 , KLF 12 , RYR 3, and LOC 339975 . Despite nonreplication of COL 6A3 , KLF 12, and RYR 3 signals, orthologs of these genes influence behavioral response to EtOH in MOs, suggesting potential involvement in human EtOH response and AD liability. The associated LOC 339975 allele may influence gene expression in human NAc. Although the functions of long noncoding RNA s are poorly understood, there is mounting evidence implicating these genes in multiple brain functions and disorders.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0145-6008 , 1530-0277
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/acer.2017.41.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/acer.13362
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2046886-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3167872-5
    SSG: 15,3
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