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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Microbial Response to Fertilization in Contrasting Soil Materials used during Oil Sands Reclamation
    Wiley ; 2013
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 77, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 145-154
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 77, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 145-154
    Abstract: Reclamation practices following open‐pit mining typically include the reconstruction of soil‐like profiles using a combination of native soil materials, industrial by‐products, and fertilizers. Our overall objective was to compare the quality of eight soil materials used during reclamation in the Athabasca oil sands region of western Canada by characterizing their microbial communities as well as their response to a range of fertilization treatments. Materials included two carbon‐rich surface soil materials, four B horizons with varying extractable phosphorus and pH, the parent geological material (PGM), and tailings sands (TSS), a by‐product of oil extraction. Measured indices of microbial activity included the activities of b‐glucosidase, acid phosphatase, and phenol oxidase. Total biomass and structure of the soil microbial community were characterized based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Soil materials and fertilization treatments were tested with multivariate regression trees and non‐metric multidimensional scaling. Material type, rather than fertilization level, had the largest impact on all microbial parameters, including biomass, activity, and composition. Only the nutrient‐poor materials (PGM, TSS, and one of the B horizons) showed a response to fertilization. The microbial composition of three of the four B horizons was more similar to the two carbon‐rich surface soil materials than it was to PGM or TSS. Hence, we propose that these subsoil materials present an advantage over the use of the underlying PGM when reconstructing upland sandy soils. Finally, results indicated that soil microbial biomass could be used as a good indicator of seedling growth when no fertilizer was applied.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2012.0202
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2013
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    SSG: 13
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Early trajectories of forest understory development on reclamation sites: influence of forest floor placement and a cover crop
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Restoration Ecology Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2015-09), p. 698-706
    Details
    In: Restoration Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 23, No. 5 ( 2015-09), p. 698-706
    Abstract: We tested whether direct placement of forest floor material ( FFM : litter, fibric, humus layers and surface mineral horizons) and sowing of a cover crop ( Melilotus officinalis ) could facilitate the establishment of native forest understory species at a reclaimed coal mine in Alberta, Canada. FFM was salvaged at two depths (15 and 40 cm) from a recently harvested native aspen forest and immediately placed at the same depths on the reclamation site. Total richness (approximately 61 species in 96 subplots) was similar in each of 3 years post‐placement; total richness for all 3 years combined was 87 including 34 typical boreal forest understory species plus 30 other natives. The deeper treatment reduced cover of all species, native and non‐native species in year 1. In year 3, the deeper treatment still had lower cover of non‐native species but had higher cover of forest understory species in years 2 and 3. The deeper treatment also resulted in lower species richness per plot, but only in year 1. In year 2 (when the biennial clover was at its tall stage), the cover crop treatment was associated with lower cover of non‐native species but did not affect the cover of native forest understory species. Direct placement of FFM can help facilitate establishment of a diverse native boreal forest understory in a reclaimed landscape. Although richness and cover may be initially higher with shallower salvage and placement, deeper salvage may ultimately be better for encouraging establishment of native forest understory species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1061-2971 , 1526-100X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/rec.2015.23.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/rec.12217
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 914746-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Role of Microsite Conditions in Restoring Trembling Aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx) from Seed
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Restoration Ecology Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2014-05), p. 292-295
    Details
    In: Restoration Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 22, No. 3 ( 2014-05), p. 292-295
    Abstract: Encouraging natural regeneration of Populus tremuloides Michx (trembling aspen) from seed is a largely unexplored means for reintroducing the species into reclamation areas. We evaluated the effects of microsite (surface contour and substrate type) on aspen seedling establishment and growth on a reclaimed coal mine. The 4.6 ha study site was divided into six 48 m‐wide strips that had 15 or 40 cm capping material salvaged from a nearby forest floor added to the mine surface. We surveyed 126 m long transects located in the center of each strip for microsite conditions, and the presence and height of aspen seedlings. We found that aspen seedlings generally preferred mineral‐organic substrates and concave microsites. To facilitate the regeneration of aspen by seed, we suggest that land managers increase small‐scale roughness and microtopographic diversity on reclaimed sites .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1061-2971 , 1526-100X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/rec.2014.22.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1111/rec.12082
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 914746-9
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  • 4
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    A synthesis of tree functional traits related to drought‐induced mortality in forests across climatic zones
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Applied Ecology Vol. 54, No. 6 ( 2017-12), p. 1669-1686
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 54, No. 6 ( 2017-12), p. 1669-1686
    Abstract: Our synthesis highlights established relationships between traits and drought‐induced mortality, presents knowledge gaps for future research focus and suggests monitoring and research avenues for improving our understanding of drought‐induced mortality. It is intended to assist ecologists and natural resource managers choose appropriate and measurable parameters for predicting local and regional scale tree mortality risk in different climatic zones within constraints of time and funding availability.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8901 , 1365-2664
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jpe.2017.54.issue-6
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12874
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Ecosystem dynamics and management after forest die‐off: a global synthesis with conceptual state‐and‐transition models
    Wiley ; 2017
    In:  Ecosphere Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2017-12)
    Details
    In: Ecosphere, Wiley, Vol. 8, No. 12 ( 2017-12)
    Abstract: Broad‐scale forest die‐off associated with drought and heat has now been reported from every forested continent, posing a global‐scale challenge to forest management. Climate‐driven die‐off is frequently compounded with other drivers of tree mortality, such as altered land use, wildfire, and invasive species, making forest management increasingly complex. Facing similar challenges, rangeland managers have widely adopted the approach of developing conceptual models that identify key ecosystem states and major types of transitions between those states, known as “state‐and‐transition models” (S & T models). Using expert opinion and available research, the development of such conceptual S & T models has proven useful in anticipating ecosystem changes and identifying management actions to undertake or to avoid. In cases where detailed data are available, S & T models can be developed into probabilistic predictions, but even where data are insufficient to predict transition probabilities, conceptual S & T models can provide valuable insights for managing a given ecosystem and for comparing and contrasting different ecosystem dynamics. We assembled a synthesis of 14 forest die‐off case studies from around the globe, each with sufficient information to infer impacts on forest dynamics and to inform management options following a forest die‐off event. For each, we developed a conceptual S & T model to identify alternative ecosystem states, pathways of ecosystem change, and points where management interventions have been, or may be, successful in arresting or reversing undesirable changes. We found that our diverse set of mortality case studies fit into three broad classes of ecosystem trajectories: (1) single‐state transition shifts, (2) ecological cascading responses and feedbacks, and (3) complex dynamics where multiple interactions, mortality drivers, and impacts create a range of possible state transition responses. We integrate monitoring and management goals in a framework aimed to facilitate development of conceptual S & T models for other forest die‐off events. Our results highlight that although forest die‐off events across the globe encompass many different underlying drivers and pathways of ecosystem change, there are commonalities in opportunities for successful management intervention.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2150-8925 , 2150-8925
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2017.8.issue-12
    DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2034
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 6
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    Restoration of belowground fungal communities in reclaimed landscapes of the Canadian boreal forest
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Restoration Ecology Vol. 27, No. 6 ( 2019-11), p. 1369-1380
    Details
    In: Restoration Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 27, No. 6 ( 2019-11), p. 1369-1380
    Abstract: The trajectory of forests establishing on reclaimed oil sands mines in the Canadian boreal forest is uncertain. Soil microbes, namely mycorrhizal fungi, partly underlie successional trajectories of plant communities, yet their role in restoration is often overlooked. Here, we tested the relative importance of common management tools used in restoration—species planted and soil placement—on the recovery of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities over 4 years. Importantly, we further compared the community assembly of fungi on reclaimed landscapes to that in reference ecosystems disturbed to different degrees. This latter test addresses whether disturbance intensity is more important than common management interventions to restore fungal communities in these ecosystems. Three main findings emerged. (1) The effect of tree species planted and soil placement on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities establishing on reclaimed landscapes was dynamic through time. (2) Disturbances that remove or disrupt the organic layer of soils substantially affect the composition of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. (3) Shifts in the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi were driven to a greater extent by disturbance severity than either tree species planted or soil placement.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1061-2971 , 1526-100X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/rec.v27.6
    DOI: 10.1111/rec.12990
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Dynamics of initial carbon allocation after drought release in mature Norway spruce—Increased belowground allocation of current photoassimilates covers only half of the carbon used for fine‐root growth
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 28, No. 23 ( 2022-12), p. 6889-6905
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 23 ( 2022-12), p. 6889-6905
    Abstract: After drought events, tree recovery depends on sufficient carbon (C) allocation to the sink organs. The present study aimed to elucidate dynamics of tree‐level C sink activity and allocation of recent photoassimilates (C new ) and stored C in c. 70‐year‐old Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) trees during a 4‐week period after drought release. We conducted a continuous, whole‐tree 13 C labeling in parallel with controlled watering after 5 years of experimental summer drought. The fate of C new to growth and CO 2 efflux was tracked along branches, stems, coarse‐ and fine roots, ectomycorrhizae and root exudates to soil CO 2 efflux after drought release. Compared with control trees, drought recovering trees showed an overall 6% lower C sink activity and 19% less allocation of C new to aboveground sinks, indicating a low priority for aboveground sinks during recovery. In contrast, fine‐root growth in recovering trees was seven times greater than that of controls. However, only half of the C used for new fine‐root growth was comprised of C new while the other half was supplied by stored C. For drought recovery of mature spruce trees, in addition to C new , stored C appears to be critical for the regeneration of the fine‐root system and the associated water uptake capacity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v28.23
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16388
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Seed release in serotinous lodgepole pine forests after mountain pine beetle outbreak
    Wiley ; 2011
    In:  Ecological Applications Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 150-162
    Details
    In: Ecological Applications, Wiley, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 150-162
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1051-0761
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1890/09-1881.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2011
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    SSG: 23
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Choices on sampling, sequencing, and analyzing DNA influence the estimation of community composition of plant fungal symbionts
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Applications in Plant Sciences Vol. 9, No. 9-10 ( 2021-09)
    Details
    In: Applications in Plant Sciences, Wiley, Vol. 9, No. 9-10 ( 2021-09)
    Abstract: Plant root symbionts, namely mycorrhizal fungi, can be characterized using a variety of methods, but most of these rely on DNA. While Sanger sequencing still fulfills particular research objectives, next‐generation sequencing currently dominates the field, thus understanding how the two methods differ is important for identifying both opportunities and limitations to characterizing fungal communities. In addition to testing sequencing methods, we also examined how roots and soils may yield different fungal communities and how disturbance may affect those differences. We sequenced DNA from ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of Pinus banksiana and found that operational taxonomic unit richness was higher, and compositional variance lower, for Illumina MiSeq–sequenced communities compared to Sanger‐sequenced communities. We also found that fungal communities associated with roots were distinct in composition compared to those associated with soils and, moreover, that soil‐associated fungi were more clustered in composition than those of roots. Finally, we found community dissimilarity between roots and soils was insensitive to disturbance; however, rarefying read counts had a sizeable influence on trends in fungal richness. Although interest in mycorrhizal communities is typically focused on the abiotic and biotic filters sorting fungal species, our study shows that the choice of methods to sample, sequence, and analyze DNA can also influence the estimation of community composition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2168-0450 , 2168-0450
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/aps3.v9.9-10
    DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11449
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Variation in carbon availability, defense chemistry and susceptibility to fungal invasion along the stems of mature trees
    Wiley ; 2013
    In:  New Phytologist Vol. 197, No. 2 ( 2013-01), p. 586-594
    Details
    In: New Phytologist, Wiley, Vol. 197, No. 2 ( 2013-01), p. 586-594
    Abstract: If carbon ( C ) sinks withdraw carbohydrates as they are transported along tree stems, carbohydrate availability may depend on local sink strength and distance from sources. Defenses, including monoterpenes – a major component of resin – limit the invasibility of pines. Since carbohydrate reserves fund monoterpene synthesis, we hypothesized that monoterpene concentrations in pine stems would decrease from the crown to the lower stem, and susceptibility to fungal infection would increase. Here, we measured carbohydrate and monoterpene concentrations along the stems of lodgepole pine trees ( P inus contorta var. latifolia ) before inoculating with a blue‐stain fungus at different heights. After 6 wk, we assessed tree responses to fungal infection based on lesion length and carbohydrate mobilization. Concentrations of carbohydrates and monoterpenes in the phloem before inoculation decreased with distance from the crown, whereas lesion lengths after inoculation increased. However, trees mobilized sugars in response to fungal infection such that carbohydrate reserves near lesions were similar at all heights. Despite C mobilization, the lower stem was more vulnerable than the upper stem. Consistent with predictions based on sink–source relationships, vulnerability occurred where carbohydrates were less available, and likely resulted from C withdrawal by sinks higher in the supply chain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-646X , 1469-8137
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.2012.197.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/nph.12019
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2013
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472194-6
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