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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of operating parameters on production of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of maize stalk in bubbling fluidized bed reactor
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2016-9-1), p. 88-96
    Details
    In: Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2016-9-1), p. 88-96
    Abstract: The yield and composition of pyrolysis products depend on the characteristics of feed stock and process operating parameters. Effect of particle size, reaction temperature and carrier gas flow rate on the yield of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of Pakistani maize stalk was investigated. Pyrolysis experiments were performed at temperature range of 360-540°C, feed particle size of 1-2 mm and carrier gas fl ow rate of 7.0-13.0 m 3 /h (0.61.1 m/s superficial velocity). Bio-oil yield increased with the increase of temperature followed by a decreasing trend. The maximum yield of bio-oil obtained was 42 wt% at a temperature of 490°C with the particle size of around 1.0 mm and carrier gas flow rate of 11.0 m 3 /h (0.9 m/s superficial velocity). High temperatures resulted in the higher ratios of char and non-condensable gas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1899-4741
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/pjct-2016-0053
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2402116-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Insight role of TiO 2 to improve the photocatalytic performance of WO 3 nanostructures for the efficient degradation of ciprofloxacin
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie Vol. 236, No. 2 ( 2022-02-23), p. 169-180
    Details
    In: Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 236, No. 2 ( 2022-02-23), p. 169-180
    Abstract: The current research work is to investigate the photocatalytic efficiency and degradation of ciprofloxacin using WO 3 /TiO 2 nanoparticles under visible light irradiation. The nanoparticles of tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) and its composite with titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) i.e. WO 3 /TiO 2 was prepared by hydrothermal method. Four basic characterizations were performed to study the prepared sample materials. To study the morphology of the prepared samples, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used. The results of SEM clearly showed that tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) has Rectangular shaped structure. The average size of the pure Tungsten trioxide nanoparticles was about 40–540 nm. The composite of WO 3 /TiO 2 has spherical structure. The reason behind that was the addition of TiO 2 in WO 3 changes the morphology of pure WO 3 , and transformed the rectangular structure to a spherical structure. The presence of TiO 2 changes the position and orientation of the nanorods in all possible directions. For the detailed analysis of the functional groups present in these samples, band gap, and optical properties of these samples, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy was used. UV–Vis spectroscopy results showed that the bandgaps of prepared catalysts vary within the range of 2.76 – 2.5 eV. This decrease in bandgap is directly related with the concentration ratio of TiO 2 in WO 3 . The maximum excitation wavelength observed at 440 nm. The maximum degradation efficiency was at 2% of WO 3 /TiO 2 composite catalyst due to unique morphological structure and increase rate of photo absorption.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0942-9352 , 2196-7156
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3060
    RVK:
    VA 8450
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 201103-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In-vitro anticancer profile of recent ruthenium complexes against liver cancer
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2023
    In:  Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry Vol. 43, No. 1 ( 2023-03-28), p. 33-47
    Details
    In: Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 43, No. 1 ( 2023-03-28), p. 33-47
    Abstract: Ruthenium complexes are considered as the most favorable alternatives to traditional platinum-based cancer drugs owing to their acceptable toxicity level, selectivity, variant oxidation states and ability to treat platinum-resistant cancer cells. They have similar ligand exchange kinetics as platinum drugs but can be tailored according to our desire by ligands influence. In the current study, we illustrate the in-vitro anticancer profile of some ruthenium complexes (2016–2021) against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). The anticancer activity of ruthenium complexes is determined by comparing their IC 50 values with one another and positive controls. Fortunately, some ruthenium complexes including 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 20, 42 , and 48 exhibit surpassed in-vitro anticancer profile than that of positive controls promising as potential candidates against liver cancer. We also explored the structure-activity relationship (SAR) which is a key factor in the rational designing and synthesis of new ruthenium drugs. It covers the factors affecting anticancer activity including lipophilicity, planarity, area and bulkiness, the steric influence of different ligands, and electronic effects induced by ligands, stability, aqueous solubility and bioavailability to the target sites. The data reported here will provide strong support in the plausible design and synthesis of ruthenium anticancer drugs in the upcoming days.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0193-4929 , 2191-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0040
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2580662-2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Greener and sustainable production of bioethylene from bioethanol: current status, opportunities and perspectives
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Reviews in Chemical Engineering Vol. 38, No. 2 ( 2022-02-23), p. 185-207
    Details
    In: Reviews in Chemical Engineering, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 38, No. 2 ( 2022-02-23), p. 185-207
    Abstract: The economic value of bioethylene produced from bioethanol dehydration is remarkable due to its extensive usage in the petrochemical industry. Bioethylene is produced through several routes, such as steam cracking of hydrocarbons from fossil fuel and dehydration of bioethanol, which can be produced through fermentation processes using renewable substrates such as glucose and starch. The rise in oil prices, environmental issues due to toxic emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuel and depletion of fossil fuel resources have led a demand for an alternative pathway to produce green ethylene. One of the abundant alternative renewable sources for bioethanol production is biomass. Bioethanol produced from biomass is alleged to be a competitive alternative to bioethylene production as it is environmentally friendly and economical. In recent years, many studies have investigated catalysts and new reaction engineering pathways to enhance the bioethylene yield and to lower reaction temperature to drive the technology toward economic feasibility and practicality. This paper critically reviews bioethylene production from bioethanol in the presence of different catalysts, reaction conditions and reactor technologies to achieve a higher yield and selectivity of ethylene. Techno-economic and environmental assessments are performed to further development and commercialization. Finally, key issues and perspectives that require utmost attention to facilitate global penetration of technology are highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0167-8299 , 2191-0235
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/revce-2019-0026
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2592648-2
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Synthesis of functionalised fluorinated pyridine derivatives by site-selective Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of halogenated pyridines
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2017
    In:  Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B Vol. 72, No. 4 ( 2017-4-1), p. 263-279
    Details
    In: Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 72, No. 4 ( 2017-4-1), p. 263-279
    Abstract: The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of 2,6-dichloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine with 1 equiv of arylboronic acids resulted in site-selective formation of 2-aryl-6-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine. Due to electronic reasons, the reaction takes place at the sterically more hindered position. The selectivity was rationalised by DFT calculations. The one-pot reaction with two different arylboronic acids afforded 2,6-diaryl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine containing two different aryl substituents. The reactions proceeded smoothly in the absence of phosphine ligands. In addition, Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine with one or two equivalents of arylboronic acids were carried out.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1865-7117 , 0932-0776
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/znb-2016-0213
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    RVK:
    VA 8360
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2078109-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 124635-5
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantitative Evaluation of an FPGA based Wireless Vibration Monitoring System in relation to Different Sampling Rates
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2014
    In:  International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2014-01-01), p. 1-7
    Details
    In: International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 7, No. 5 ( 2014-01-01), p. 1-7
    Abstract: In order to achieve the high-processing performance required in typical computationally intensive high-sample rate monitoring applications, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is often used as a hardware accelerator. Given the design complexity, increased power consumption and additional cost of an FPGA, it is desirable to determine the sampling rates for which the use of an FPGA as hardware accelerator results in most effective solution. For this purpose, a computationally intensive application is realized on an FPGA based architecture so as to determine the sampling rates for which it achieves the highest performance and consumes the least amount of energy as compared to that of a micro-controller based architecture. Based on the measured performance and energy consumption for a computationally intensive application, tri-axes/three-channel vibration based condition monitoring, the results suggest that the FPGA based architecture is the most appropriate solution for sampling frequencies of 4 kHz and above.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1178-5608
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.21307/ijssis-2019-034
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2519374-0
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of ethanol and sodium chloride on the physio-chemical properties of Montelukast sodium and its interaction with DNA
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2023
    In:  Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie Vol. 237, No. 9 ( 2023-09-26), p. 1361-1380
    Details
    In: Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 237, No. 9 ( 2023-09-26), p. 1361-1380
    Abstract: In drug development, it is very important to study the physicochemical properties of drugs under various solution conditions in order to understand their mechanism of action and their interactions with bioactive compounds. In this regard, this study attempts to elucidate the effects of co-solvent and co-solute on the physicochemical properties of Montelukast sodium and its possible interactions with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The physicochemical, volumetric and thermodynamic properties of Montelukast sodium were determined by various measurements such as density, viscosity and surface tension. Most of these measured parameters responded differently when ethanol (co-solvent) and sodium chloride (co-solvent) were added to the drug solution, and/or when the concentration and temperature of the drug solution were changed. Various solution properties such as flow behavior, surface activity and association behavior of Montelukast sodium were also affected by the addition of DNA. UV–Vis spectroscopy was also used to better understand the qualitative and quantitative strength of DNA-drug interactions in water. Using UV–Visible analysis, the Montelukast DNA binding constant (Kb) was determined to be 6.861 × 103 (L Mol −1 ). Physicochemical and spectroscopic results confirmed that there may be physicochemical type interactions between the drug and DNA. It is also proposed that hydrogen bonding can occur between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of the Montelukast sodium and the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the DNA molecule.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0942-9352 , 2196-7156
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2023-0245
    RVK:
    VA 8450
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 201103-7
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Recent advances in the synthesis of ( 99m Technetium) based radio-pharmaceuticals
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry Vol. 41, No. 3 ( 2021-09-27), p. 151-198
    Details
    In: Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 41, No. 3 ( 2021-09-27), p. 151-198
    Abstract: Technetium radionuclide ( 99m Tc) has excellent extent of disintegration properties and occupies a special place in the field of nuclear medicinal chemistry and other health disciplines. Current review describes recent approaches of synthesis in detailed ways for radio-pharmaceuticals of technetium which have been developed to treat and diagnose the biotic disorders. These technetium labeled radio-pharmaceuticals have been established to apply in the field of diagnostic nuclear medicine especially for imaging of different body parts such as brain, heart, kidney, bones and so on, through single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that is thought to be difficult to image such organs by using common X-ray and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) techniques. This review highlights and accounts an inclusive study on the various synthetic routes of technetium labeled radio-pharmaceuticals using ligands with various donor atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus etc. These compounds can be utilized as next generation radio-pharmaceuticals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2191-0227 , 0193-4929
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/revic-2020-0021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2580662-2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A review of introduction of common carp Cyprinus carpio in Pakistan: origin, purpose, impact and management
    Walter de Gruyter GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Croatian Journal of Fisheries Vol. 74, No. 2 ( 2016-6-1), p. 71-80
    Details
    In: Croatian Journal of Fisheries, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Vol. 74, No. 2 ( 2016-6-1), p. 71-80
    Abstract: Common carp Cyprinus carpio was introduced from Thailand to Pakistan in 1964 for the purpose of aquaculture. Due to its high tolerance to temperature and turbidity, and prolific pond breeding habit, it was established promptly in most of natural inland waters, including rivers, lakes, streams, canals, wetlands and even village ponds of the country. Although common carp became one of the most abundant cyprinid species in inland waters and important food fish in Pakistan, its impact is not well documented. Fish farming of common carp has been carried out in Pakistan since 1970; initially it grew slowly but now it is playing an important role in the economy of the country by employing more than 400,000 people. Nowadays, farming of freshwater carps is present throughout Pakistan, especially in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. There is a huge potential in common carp farming and it could help increase the livelihood of people and gross domestic product (GDP) of the country as well. Still, there is a need to improve the fish farming practice to meet the world-class demands that could only be possible by the keen interest of policy makers and stake holders with better management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1848-0586
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1515/cjf-2016-0016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2726499-3
    SSG: 21,3
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