Abstract: We report a facile process to fabricate cuprous thin films by thermal oxidation of copper substrates. Structure and phase identification were studied by X-ray diffraction measurement and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to study surface morphology of the as-fabricated thin films and optical properties of the samples were investigated by diffused reflectance spectroscopy. The study shows that cuprous thin films could be obtained by controlling annealing temperature in the region of 200-300 oC.

Abstract: Abstract: To serve health care, up to now, sciences have successfully developed many drugs with different effects. In general, in terms of chemical structure and effect characteristics, medicine can be classified into groups including inorganic drugs, small-molecule organic drugs, protein drugs (macromolecules), and recently a new group of drugs has been formed, separate from the protein drug class, which is the RNA drugs. In terms of pharmacological effects, in general, the mechanisms of protein drugs and small-molecule organic drugs do not differ too much because they all act at a particular stage related to pathological manifestations. Protein drugs in the process of development have gone through many different stages, with different origins, from extraction and isolation from living tissues at an early stage to biosynthesis by recombinant technology and other modern biotechnology methods. To date, most of the proteins used in medicine have been produced through recombinant pathways, possibly through different semisynthetic steps to give the molecules more superior drug properties. Therefore, the group of protein drugs has an additional new name, biopharmaceuticals, to indicate their synthetic origin by biological methods. The research, development, and application of protein drugs into clinical practice are of great significance, helping to enhance the ability of medicine to control and treat many difficult-to-treat diseases today, bringing many opportunities to have good health for people. Keywords: Protein drugs, RNA drugs, Biopharmaceuticals, Inorganic drugs, Small-molecule organic drugs, Drug development, Cytokine, Enzyme, Hormone peptide, Stem cell, Recombinant technology, Biosimilar. *    

Abstract: RNA drugs are a new group of drugs that delivers RNAs or similar structures inside the body to achieve the therapeutic effect. This is a promising direction in drug development to treat serious and rare genetic diseases more specifically and effectively. In reality, the genetic systems and protein synthesis processes of living organisms are extremely complex, so the development of RNA drugs faces many difficulties. To achieve success, many different studies have been carried out to address issues such as finding suitable RNAs, synthesizing similar RNA structures, stabilizing RNA structures, and introducing drugs into targeted cells. Since the first RNA drug was officially approved by the FDA (2004), 10 RNA drugs in total have been approved to date. Among them, two vaccines, appearing at the time when much needed support to cope with the new SARS-CoV-2 variants, were developed using mRNA technology. With these achievements, scientists can have more confidence in the possibilities of evolving a new drug group that is more specific and effective, which is RNA drugs. This review briefly introduces the group of drugs that use RNAs, RNA structural analogs, and RNA biomarkers to develop novel drugs for application in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease. Keywords: RNA drugs; mRNA; the protein; vaccines; RNA diagnostics; small molecule drugs; RNA target. References [1] U. Sahin, K. Karikó, Ö. Türeci, Mrna-Based Therapeutics-Developing A New Class of Drugs, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 13, No. 10, 2014, pp. 759-780.[2] T. H. Nguyen, T. M. H. Pham, M. K. Tu, Pharmacogenetics: Prospects and Issues. Journal of Pharmacy, No. 54, Vol. 456, 2014, pp. 2-6.[3] A. M. Yu, Y. H. Choi, M. J. Tu, Rna Drugs and Rna Targets for Small Molecules: Principles, Progress, and Challenges, Pharmacological Reviews, Vol. 72, No. 4, 2020, pp. 862-898.[4] M. A. Hendaus, F. A. Jomha, Mrna Vaccines for Covid-19: A Simple Explanation, Qatar Medical Journal, Vol. 2021, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1-5.[5] A. Banerji, P. G. Wickner, R. Saff, C. A. Stone Jr, L. B. Robinson, A. A. Long et al., Mrna Vaccines to Prevent Covid-19 Disease and Reported Allergic Reactions: Current Evidence and Suggested Approach, the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: in Practice, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1423-1437.[6] https://www.Fda.Gov/Emergency-Preparedness-and-Response/Coronavirus-Disease-2019-Covid-19/Covid-19-Vaccines (accessed on: December 15th, 2021).[7] E. H. Aarntzen, G. Schreibelt, K. Bol, W. J. Lesterhuis, A. J. Croockewit, J .H. De Wilt et al., Vaccination with Mrna-Electroporated Dendritic Cells Induces Robust Tumor Antigen-Specific Cd4+ and Cd8+ T Cells Responses in Stage Iii and Iv Melanoma Patients, Clinical Cancer Research, Vol. 18, No. 19, 2012, pp. 5460-5470.[8] H. M. Phan, K. L. Vu, T. H. Nguyen, T. T. Bui, A Comprehensive Review of Vaccines Against Covid-19, VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2021, pp. 1-19 (in Vietnamese).[9] N. Pardi, M. J. Hogan, F. W. Porter, D. Weissman, Mrna Vaccines - A New Era in Vaccinology, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2018, pp. 261-279.[10] G. Wen, T. Zhou, W. Gu, The Potential of Using Blood Circular Rna As Liquid Biopsy Biomarker for Human Diseases. Protein & Cell, Vol. 12, No. 12, 2021, pp. 911-946.[11] S. Sabarimurugan, C. Kumarasamy, S. Baxi, A. Devi, R. Jayaraj, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prognostic Microrna Biomarkers for Survival Outcome in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Plos One, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2019, pp. 1-18.[12] F. Wang, T. Zuroske, J. K. Watts, Rna Therapeutics on the Rise, Nat Rev Drug Discov, Vol. 19, No. 7, 2020, pp. 441-442.[13] E. J. Wild, S. J. Tabrizi, Therapies Targeting Dna and Rna in Huntington's Disease, The Lancet Neurology, Vol. 16, No. 10, 2017, pp. 837-847.[14] H. Han, Rna Interference to Knock Down Gene Expression, Disease Gene Identification, 2018, pp. 293-302.[15] J. Kim, C. Hu, C. M. E. Achkar, L.E. Black, J. Douville, A. Larson et al., Patient-Customized Oligonucleotide Therapy for A Rare Genetic Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 381, No. 17, 2019, pp. 1644-1652.[16] U. Food, D. Administration, Fda Approves First-of-Its Kind Targeted Rna-Based Therapy to Treat A Rare Disease, Silver Spring (Md): Usfda, 2018.[17] E. Sardh, P. Harper, M. Balwani, P. Stein, D. Rees, D. M. Bissel et al., Phase 1 Trial of An Rna Interference Therapy for Acute Intermittent Porphyria, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 380, No. 6, 2019, pp. 549-558.[18] G. Devi, Sirna-Based Approaches in Cancer Therapy, Cancer Gene Therapy, Vol. 13, No. 9, 2006, pp. 819-829.[19] T. G. Hopkins, M. Mura, H. A. A. Ashtal, R. M. Lahr, N. 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Abstract: Trong nghiên cứu này chúng tôi đã xây dựng được quy trình định lượng flurbiprofen trong viên nén bao phim 100 mg bằng phương pháp sắc ký lỏng hiệu năng cao ghép đầu dò diode-array theo hướng dẫn của Cơ quan quản lý thuốc châu Âu và Hội nghị quốc tế về hài hoà hoá các yêu cầu kỹ thuật để đăng ký dược phẩm sử dụng trên người. Pha tĩnh được sử dụng là cột silicagel pha đảo C8 (5 μm, 120 Å, 4,6×150 mm), pha động là hỗn hợp acetonitril : nước : acid acetic băng với tỷ lệ 65 : 32,5 : 2,5, tốc độ dòng 1 ml/phút. Mẫu được tiêm với thể tích 10 µl, thời gian sắc ký 8 phút, bước sóng phát hiện 247 nm. Thời gian lưu của flurbiprofen là 3,73 phút. Kết quả thực nghiệm cho thấy trong khoảng nồng độ từ 2 – 20 μg/ml, có sự tương quan tuyến tính chặt chẽ giữa diện tích pic y (mAU.min) và nồng độ dung dịch x (μg/ml) theo phương trình y = 0,680x với hệ số xác định R2 = 0,9993. Giới hạn phát hiện và giới hạn định lượng lần lượt là 0,05 và 0,15 μg/ml. Phương pháp đảm bảo tính đặc hiệu với flurbiprofen, có độ đúng và độ chính xác tốt với tỷ lệ phục hồi ≤ 100 ± 2%, độ lệch chuẩn tương đối của độ lặp lại  ≤ 1,71%, độ lệch chuẩn tương đối của độ chính xác trung gian ≤ 2,34%.

Abstract: The group of protein drugs has been developing very strongly, promising great advances in diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and human health improvement. Protein drug production is a large area of research, requiring advanced scientific and technological expertise, and integration of multi-disciplinary technology from fields such as biology, genetics, biotechnology, protein extraction and purification, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. As protein drug manufacture involves biosynthesis processes using different cell lines, biopharmaceuticals have some distinct characteristics from small-molecule synthetic drugs, such as variability of biological processes, diversity of synthetic proteins, therefore leading to some differences in research and development, approval procedures, bioactivity testing, quality control and quality assurance and the production of “generic” biopharmaceuticals - biosimilars. This article provides an overview of protein drug production from the initial stage to the finished product process, to identify and promote training activities, research and development, and knowledge transfer, contributing to the development of the biopharmaceutical industry in Vietnam, as well as effectively applying the drugs in clinical practice. Protein drug production is a valuable industrial field, with the goal of not only protecting and taking care of people's health but also developing national research, manufacturing, scientific and technological capacity, and bringing economic value. Keywords: Protein drug, biopharmaceuticals, formulation, biosimilars.     

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. 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Tencomnao, Anti-COVID-19 Drug Candidates: A Review on Potential Biological Activities of Natural Products in the Management of New Coronavirus Infection, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 11, 2021, pp. 144-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.001.[6] R. E. Ferner, J. K. Aronson, Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19, BMJ, Vol. 369, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1432[7] J. Remali, W. M. Aizat, A Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds and Their Modes of Action Against Coronavirus Infection, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.589044.[8] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Medical Virology, Vol. 92, 2020, pp. 418‐423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681.[9] B. Benarba, A. Pandiella, Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01189.[10] N. T. 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Abstract: Abstract: Exploring the potential of natural bioactive peptides is becoming more and more important for new drug discovery. First isolated from the European wasp Vespa crabro, the antimicrobial peptide Mastoparan C was found in higher content than many other molecules in the Mastoparan family. In addition to the mast cell degranulation that is similar to some components in insect venom, this compound possesses remarkable biological activities such as broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal, inhibiting the proliferation of many human cancer cell lines. However, unfortunately, Mastoparan C has the notable side effect of causing mammalian hemolysis. By investigating its structure-activity relationships, this review pointed out some suggestions to overcome the disadvantages of this potential peptide and thereby support further in-depth study in the drug discovery field. Keywords: Mastoparan C, antimicrobial peptide, biological activity, structure-activity relationships.

Abstract: This paper describes some fusion techniques for achieving high accuracy species identification from images of different plant organs. Given a series of different image organs such as branch, entire, flower, or leaf, we firstly extract confidence scores for each single organ using a deep convolutional neural network. Then, various late fusion approaches including conventional transformation-based approaches (sum rule, max rule, product rule), a classification-based approach (support vector machine), and our proposed hybrid fusion model are deployed to determine the identity of the plant of interest. For single organ identification, two schemes are proposed. The first scheme uses one Convolutional neural network (CNN) for each organ while the second one trains one CNN for all organs. Two famous CNNs (AlexNet and Resnet) are chosen in this paper. We evaluate the performances of the proposed method in a large number of images of 50 species which are collected from two primary resources: PlantCLEF 2015 dataset and Internet resources. The experiment exhibits the dominant results of the fusion techniques compared with those of individual organs. At rank-1, the highest species identification accuracy of a single organ is 75.6% for flower images, whereas by applying fusion technique for leaf and flower, the accuracy reaches to 92.6%. We also compare the fusion strategies with the multi-column deep convolutional neural networks (MCDCNN) [1] . The proposed hybrid fusion scheme outperforms MCDCNN in all combinations. It obtains from + 3.0% to + 13.8% improvement in rank-1 over MCDCNN method. The evaluation datasets as well as the source codes are publicly available. Keywords: Plant identification, Convolutional neural network, Deep learning, Fusion.  

Abstract: The purposes of this study were to i) Examine the dynamics of physicochemical parameters of saline acid sulfate soil as influenced by biochar made from rice husk; and ii) Evaluate the influence of biochar on the soil quality index. A greenhouse experiment was carried out by mixing biochar with the tested soil at ratios of 0; 0.7; 1.5; 3, and 6% (w/w) and incubating for 100 days. Experimental soil samples were taken on days 5, 15, 30, 60, and 100 to analyze for 11 physicochemical parameters. The soil quality index (SQI) was calculated based on the principal component/factor analysis (PCA/FA). The results showed that biochar increased the exchangeable concentration of K, Mg, Ca, and pH value while reducing the exchangeable concentration of Fe, and Al, as well as the values of Cl-, H+, and exchange acidity in the soil. Biochar changed the electrical conductivity (EC) and Na parameters, increasing them in the first few measurements while decreasing them in the last measurements. Biochar increased the SQI of the tested soil, even with a low biochar application rate of 0.7% after 100 days of the experiment. The study suggests that biochar made from rice husk could be a potential amendment for ameliorating saline acid sulfate soil.  

Abstract: This study evaluates the effects of traditional preparation on the total phenol content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Fallopia multiflora Thunb.. The experimental results show that the total phenol content calculated with gallic acid (GAE) of Fallopia multiflora Thunb. increased during preparation processing. The Fallopia multiflora Thunb. after preparation had a total phenol content of 22.73 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g, about 3% higher than the raw sample (22.03 ± 0.40 mg GAE/g). The preparation processing also significantly increased the antioxidant activity of Fallopia multiflora Thunb.. The concentration of extract, which could neutralize 50% of the free radicals generated from 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl of medicinal materials, after processing was 53.71 ± 0.44 µg/ml, about 2.3 times lower when compared to raw pharmaceutical materials (124,38 ± 0,56 µg/ml). Keywords Fallopia multilflora Thunb., processing, antioxidant, total phenol, neutralized free radicals. References [1] P.X. Sinh, Traditional pharmacology, Medical Publishing House, Ha Noi, 2014, pp. 352-353 (in Vietnamese).[2] L. Lin, C. Qu, J. Ni, A novel method to analyze hepatotoxic components in Polygonum multiflorum using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Journal of hazardous materials 299 (2015) 249-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.014[3] Y. Liu, Q. Wang, J. Yang, X. Guo, W. Liu, S. Ma, S. Li, Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a review on chemical analysis, processing mechanism, quality evaluation, and hepatotoxicity, Frontiers in pharmacology 9 (2018) 364. http://doi.org/10.3389 / fphar.2018.00364.[4] J. Huang, J.P. Zhang, J.Q. Bai, M.J. Wei, J. Zhang, Z.H. Huang, G.H. Qu, W. Xu, X.H. Qiu, Chemical profiles and metabolite study of raw and processed Polygoni Multiflori Radix in rats by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MSn spectrometry, Chinese journal of natural medicines 16 (5) (2018) 375-400. http://doi.org/10.1016 / S1875-5364 (18) 30070-0.[5] L. Liang, J. Xu, W.W. Zhou, E. Brand, H.B. Chen, Z.Z. Zhao, Integrating targeted and untargeted metabolomics to investigate the processing chemistry of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Frontiers in pharmacology 9 (2018) 934. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00934.[6] Ministry of Health, Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia V, Medical Publishing House, Ha Noi, part 2, 2018, pp 1180-1181 (in Vietnamese).[7] N.T.H. Ly, T.T. Thao, P.V. Truong, P.T. Thuong, Quality Evaluation of Fallopia multiflora in Vietnam Based on HPLC-FLD and Chemometrics, Natural Products Chemistry & Research 6(6) (2018) 1-7. http://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6836.1000346.[8] L. Lin, B. Ni, H. Lin, M. Zhang, X. Li, Xi. Yin, C. Qu, J. Ni, Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 159 (2015) 158-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.009.[9] G.A. Bounda, Y.U. Feng, Review of clinical studies of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and its isolated bioactive compounds, Pharmacognosy research 7 (3) (2015) 225. http://doi.org/10.4103 / 0974-8490.157957.[10] M.P. Kähkönen, A.I. Hopia, H.J. Vuorela, J.P. Rauha, K. Pihlaja, T. S. Kujala, M.Heinonen, Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 47 (10) (1999) 3954-3962. http://doi.org/10.1021 / jf990146l.[11] H.H. Lin, A. L. Charles, C.W. Hsieh, Y. ChiLee, J.Y. Ciou, Antioxidant effects of 14 Chinese traditional medicinal herbs against human low-density lipoprotein oxidation, Journal of traditional and complementary medicine 5 (1) (2015) 51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.001.