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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Drivers of the changing abundance of European birds at two spatial scales
    The Royal Society ; 2023
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 378, No. 1881 ( 2023-07-17)
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 378, No. 1881 ( 2023-07-17)
    Abstract: Detecting biodiversity change and identifying its causes is challenging because biodiversity is multifaceted and temporal data often contain bias. Here, we model temporal change in species' abundance and biomass by using extensive data describing the population sizes and trends of native breeding birds in the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU). In addition, we explore how species’ population trends vary with species' traits. We demonstrate significant change in the bird assemblages of the UK and EU, with substantial reductions in overall bird abundance and losses concentrated in a relatively small number of abundant and smaller sized species. By contrast, rarer and larger birds had generally fared better. Simultaneously, overall avian biomass had increased very slightly in the UK and was stable in the EU, indicating a change in community structure. Abundance trends across species were positively correlated with species’ body mass and with trends in climate suitability, and varied with species' abundance, migration strategy and niche associations linked to diet. Our work highlights how changes in biodiversity cannot be captured easily by a single number; care is required when measuring and interpreting biodiversity change given that different metrics can provide very different insights. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions’.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0198
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Demonstrating frequency-dependent transmission of sarcoptic mange in red foxes
    The Royal Society ; 2014
    In:  Biology Letters Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2014-10), p. 20140524-
    Details
    In: Biology Letters, The Royal Society, Vol. 10, No. 10 ( 2014-10), p. 20140524-
    Abstract: Understanding the relationship between disease transmission and host density is essential for predicting disease spread and control. Using long-term data on sarcoptic mange in a red fox Vulpes vulpes population, we tested long-held assumptions of density- and frequency-dependent direct disease transmission. We also assessed the role of indirect transmission. Contrary to assumptions typical of epidemiological models, mange dynamics are better explained by frequency-dependent disease transmission than by density-dependent transmission in this canid. We found no support for indirect transmission. We present the first estimates of R 0 and age-specific transmission coefficients for mange in foxes. These parameters are important for managing this poorly understood but highly contagious and economically damaging disease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1744-9561 , 1744-957X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0524
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2103283-X
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Flight range, fuel load and the impact of climate change on the journeys of migrant birds
    The Royal Society ; 2018
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 285, No. 1873 ( 2018-02-28), p. 20172329-
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 285, No. 1873 ( 2018-02-28), p. 20172329-
    Abstract: Climate change is predicted to increase migration distances for many migratory species, but the physiological and temporal implications of longer migratory journeys have not been explored. Here, we combine information about species' flight range potential and migratory refuelling requirements to simulate the number of stopovers required and the duration of current migratory journeys for 77 bird species breeding in Europe. Using tracking data, we show that our estimates accord with recorded journey times and stopovers for most species. We then combine projections of altered migratory distances under climate change with models of avian flight to predict future migratory journeys. We find that 37% of migratory journeys undertaken by long-distance migrants will necessitate an additional stopover in future. These greater distances and the increased number of stops will substantially increase overall journey durations of many long-distance migratory species, a factor not currently considered in climate impact studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2329
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
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    SSG: 25
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Warning displays may function as honest signals of toxicity
    The Royal Society ; 2009
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 276, No. 1658 ( 2009-03-07), p. 871-877
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 276, No. 1658 ( 2009-03-07), p. 871-877
    Abstract: Many prey species use colourful ‘aposematic’ signalling to advertise the fact that they are toxic. Some recent studies have shown that the brightness of aposematic displays correlates positively with the strength of toxicity, suggesting that aposematic displays are a form of handicap signal, the conspicuousness of which reliably indicates the level of toxicity. The theoretical consensus in the literature is, however, at odds with this finding. It is commonly assumed that the most toxic prey should have less bright advertisements because they have better chances of surviving attacks and can therefore reduce the costs incurred by signalling. Using a novel theoretical model, we show that aposematic signals can indeed function as handicaps. To generate this prediction, we make a key assumption that the expression of bright displays and the storage of anti-predator toxins compete for resources within prey individuals. One shared currency is energy. However, competition for antioxidant molecules, which serve dual roles as pigments and in protecting prey against oxidative stress when they accumulate toxins, provides a specific candidate resource that could explain signal honesty. Thus, contrary to the prevailing theoretical orthodoxy, warning displays may in fact be honest signals of the level of (rather than simply the existence of) toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1407
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Evolution of trust and trustworthiness: social awareness favours personality differences
    The Royal Society ; 2009
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 276, No. 1657 ( 2009-02-22), p. 605-613
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 276, No. 1657 ( 2009-02-22), p. 605-613
    Abstract: Interest in the evolution and maintenance of personality is burgeoning. Individuals of diverse animal species differ in their aggressiveness, fearfulness, sociability and activity. Strong trade-offs, mutation–selection balance, spatio-temporal fluctuations in selection, frequency dependence and good-genes mate choice are invoked to explain heritable personality variation, yet for continuous behavioural traits, it remains unclear which selective force is likely to maintain distinct polymorphisms. Using a model of trust and cooperation, we show how allowing individuals to monitor each other's cooperative tendencies, at a cost, can select for heritable polymorphisms in trustworthiness. This variation, in turn, favours costly ‘social awareness’ in some individuals. Feedback of this sort can explain the individual differences in trust and trustworthiness so often documented by economists in experimental public goods games across a range of cultures. Our work adds to growing evidence that evolutionary game theorists can no longer afford to ignore the importance of real world inter-individual variation in their models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1182
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 25
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    The bigger they come, the harder they fall: body size and prey abundance influence predator–prey ratios
    The Royal Society ; 2011
    In:  Biology Letters Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2011-04-23), p. 312-315
    Details
    In: Biology Letters, The Royal Society, Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2011-04-23), p. 312-315
    Abstract: Large carnivores are highly threatened, yet the processes underlying their population declines are still poorly understood and widely debated. We explored how body mass and prey abundance influence carnivore density using data on 199 populations obtained across multiple sites for 11 carnivore species. We found that relative decreases in prey abundance resulted in a five- to sixfold greater decrease in the largest carnivores compared with the smallest species. We discuss a number of possible causes for this inherent vulnerability, but also explore a possible mechanistic link between predator size, energetics and population processes. Our results have important implications for carnivore ecology and conservation, demonstrating that larger species are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic threats to their environment, especially those which have an adverse affect on the abundance of their prey.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1744-9561 , 1744-957X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0996
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2103283-X
    SSG: 12
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