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  • The Electrochemical Society  (15)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    (Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Metallization Cell Based Memristive Neuron Chip Fabricated with 28nm CMOS Process for Real-Time Unsupervised Learning and Pattern Recognition
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2022
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2022-02, No. 15 ( 2022-10-09), p. 802-802
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2022-02, No. 15 ( 2022-10-09), p. 802-802
    Abstract: Abstract Spiking neurons communicate with other neurons using sparse and binary signals in a human brain, so they can achieve real-time processing of the information with ultra-low power consumption[1,2]. Thereby, spiking neurons are essential elements for building an energy-efficient biomimetic spatiotemporal system. Recently, to emulate the behavior of biological neuron, many researches for memristive device-based neurons with peripheral circuits (i.e., sense-amplifier or reset circuit)[3] and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) neurons with capacitors have been reported[4]. Most of the reported memristive device-based neurons required a high operation voltage ( 〉 1.2 V) for emulating integrate function of a biological neuron. In addition, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-based neurons could not achieve high neuronal density due to using a capacitor in emulating integrate function. In this study, therefore, we propose an electrochemical metallization cell based memristive neuron chip fabricated with 28-nm CMOS process having a low operation voltage ( 〈 0.7 V) for emulating integrate function. In addition, since the proposed electrochemical metallization cell based memristive neuron chip does not require a capacitor for emulating integrate function, it can realize a high neuronal density. The memristive neuron chip exhibited a typical integrate-and-fire function; particularly, the frequency of generating a spiking output signal exponentially increased with the input voltage amplitude. Moreover, a spiking neural network was designed using the memristive neuron chip and the software program consisting of a crossbar synaptic memristor array, simplified spike-timing-dependent-plasticity learning rule, and current-to-voltage converters. Using the co-designed spiking neural network with software and hardware, real-time unsupervised learning was realized. Finally, using the trained spiking neural network, a real-time classification for the MNIST hand-written image taken by a live webcam was successfully performed in an inference process. Acknowledgement This research was supported by National R & D Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(2021M3F3A2A01037733). Reference Mead, C. Neuromorphic Electronic Systems. Encycl. Comput. Neurosci. 78 , 1979–1979 (2015). Douglas, R. Neuromorphic Analogue VLSI. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18 , 255–281 (1995). Tuma, T., Pantazi, A., Le Gallo, M., Sebastian, A. & Eleftheriou, E. Stochastic phase-change neurons. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 , 693–699 (2016). Aamir, S. A., Müller, P., Hartel, A., Schemmel, J. & Meier, K. A highly tunable 65-nm CMOS LIF neuron for a large scale neuromorphic system. Eur. Solid-State Circuits Conf. 2016 - Octob , 71–74 (2016). Figure 1
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2022-0215802mtgabs
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gradient Anode Functional Layer for Thin Y:BaZr x Ce 1-X O 3 Electrolyte in Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2015
    In:  ECS Transactions Vol. 68, No. 1 ( 2015-06-02), p. 1527-1530
    Details
    In: ECS Transactions, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 68, No. 1 ( 2015-06-02), p. 1527-1530
    Abstract: Microstructure and fuel cell performance of thin film protonic ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) with yttrium doped barium cerate-zirconate (BCZY) are investigated in this work. Thin electrolyte (thickness 〈 1 μm) is fabricated using pulsed laser deposition on a novel anode functional layer (AFL) which has gradient composition of BCZY and NiO. Electrostatic slurry spray deposition is utilized to fabricate the gradient AFL. In microstructure observation of the PCFC, fully dense thin electrolyte with good interfacial adhesion is confirmed. From fuel cell test, the high maximum power densities of 462‒605 mW/cm 2 are obtained at operating temperatures of 550‒650 ºC, along with open circuit voltages of 0.95‒0.87 V.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1938-5862 , 1938-6737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/06801.1527ecst
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    (Keynote) Devices in CMOS for Terahertz Circuits and Systems
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2017
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2017-02, No. 26 ( 2017-09-01), p. 1112-1112
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2017-02, No. 26 ( 2017-09-01), p. 1112-1112
    Abstract: CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon) integrated circuits (IC’s) technology is emerging as a means for realization of capable and affordable systems that operate at 300GHz and higher. Despite the fact that the unity maximum available gain frequency, f max of NMOS transistors has peaked at ~320GHz somewhere between 65 and 32-nm technology nodes, signal generation up to 1.3THz and coherent detection up to 410GHz and incoherent detection up to ~10THz have been demonstrated using CMOS integrated circuits. Furthermore, a highly integrated rotational spectroscopy transceiver operating up to near 300GHz and imaging array operating at 820GHz have been demonstrated in CMOS. The nonlinear devices and circuit techniques that enable the operation at these frequencies beyond f max will be described. Lastly, emerging applications, electronic nose/smelling using rotational spectroscopy that can detect and quantify concentrations of a wide variety of gases, imaging that can enable operation of autonomous systems in a wide range of weather conditions (rain, dust, snow, fog .. ), high-bandwidth communication over 1-2m long dielectric waveguides that can rival the bandwidth of optical communication systems, and electronic detectors that can make thermal imaging/night vision affordable will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2017-02/26/1112
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Misfit Dislocations in Junctions and Base Thickness on Latch-up Characteristics in Two-Terminal Vertical Thyristor-Based Capacitorless Memory
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2018
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2018-02, No. 16 ( 2018-07-23), p. 718-718
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2018-02, No. 16 ( 2018-07-23), p. 718-718
    Abstract: Conventional dynamic random access memory (DRAM) has been facing a severe challenge to scale down to 10 nm size. The cell capacitor should be able to store sufficient charges of 25~30 fF/cell. In order to meet this requirement, high aspect ratio of cell capacitor is inevitable, resulting in capacitors leaning into each other. To overcome this issue coming from capacitor, the vertical thyristor-based two-terminal capacitorless memory was proposed as a promising candidate to replace current DRAM, which consists of p ++ -anode / n + -base / p + -base / n ++ -cathode vertical structure using conventional Si technology. The two-terminal vertical thyristor-based capacitorless memory cell having p ++ -anode / n + -base / p + -base / n ++ -cathode vertical structure is easy to construct cross-point memory array cells, as shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, Two-terminal vertical thyristor-based capacitorless memory array cells can be operated without selector since sneak current is suppressed by latch-down process. In our study, three types of two-terminal vertical thyristor-based capacitorless memory cells consist of top-p ++ -anode / n + -base / p + -base / bottom-n ++ -cathode with 80-nm-thick base region (PNPN80), top-p ++ -anode / n + -base / p + -base / bottom-n ++ -cathode with 160-nm-thick base region (PNPN160), and top-n ++ -cathode / p + -base / n + -base / bottom-p ++ -anode with 160-nm-thick base region (NPNP160) were fabricated, individually. The dopant concentration profile of each device was analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), as shown in Figure 2. By correlating HR TEM images with SIMS analyses, misfit dislocations were observed at the depth where dopant pile-up was found, as shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 (a), (b) and (c) show I-V measurements of PNPN80, PNPN160 and NPNP160, respectively. The difference of latch-up voltages between Figure 4 (b) and (c) can be explained by carrier life-time difference. NPNP160 had less misfit dislocations compared to PNPN160, resulting in longer excess carrier life-time, since dislocations act as recombination centers. Thus, NPNP160 needed smaller anode voltage to induce sufficient excess carriers in base regions, which had smaller latch-up voltage than PNPN160. In addition, the difference of latch-up voltages between Figure 4 (a) and (b) resulting from base thickness difference can be explained by electric field. The electric field of PNPN160 is weaker than that of PNPN80 in base regions when equivalent anode voltage is applied. Therefore, PNPN160 needed larger anode voltage to lower the injection barrier of excess carriers. Besides, the effect of misfit dislocations and base dopant concentration on memory margin and off-state leakage current will be discussed. Finally, the memory cell pulse operations will be exhibited as well. Acknowledgment * This research was supported by Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program in 2018, the MOTIE (Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy 10069063) and KSRC (Korea Semiconductor Research Consortium) support program for the development of the future semiconductor device. Figure 1
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2018-02/16/718
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gradient Anode Functional Layer for Thin Y:BaZr x Ce 1-X O 3 Electrolyte in Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2015
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2015-03, No. 1 ( 2015-07-15), p. 207-207
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2015-03, No. 1 ( 2015-07-15), p. 207-207
    Abstract: Many studies have shown the great potential of proton-conducting yttrium-doped barium cerate (BCY) as a next-generation ceramic electrolyte for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs), but BCY’s poor chemical stability has limited its practical use. Research has confirmed that yttrium-doped barium cerate-zirconate (BCZY), substituting Zr in the B-site of BCY, can significantly mitigate the degradation of the material with little sacrifice of electrical and electrochemical performances. For successful operation of LT-SOFCs with BCZY electrolytes, the deposition of the material as a thin film and the reduction of ohmic overpotential from ion transport are necessary. In this work, we propose a novel anode design suitable for thin BCZY electrolytes (thickness 〈 2 μm) with a continuously gradient anode functional layer (AFL). The base BCZY powder was synthesized by the citric-nitrate method with a composition of BaCe 0.5 Zr 0.35 Y 0.15 O 3-δ . Electrostatic slurry spray deposition (ESSD) was used to form the gradient AFL on a porous anode support and co-sintered at 1500°C. A thin, dense BCZY electrolyte was fabricated on the sintered AFL by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at 700°C. As the cathode, porous La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3-δ was deposited by PLD at room temperature. Fuel cell tests were conducted and the maximum power output of 180‒580 mW/cm 2 at 450‒600°C was identified. The performance and electrochemical characteristics of the BCZY-SOFCs will be discussed in greater depth at the conference.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2015-03/1/207
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Effects of Experimental Parameters on Void Formation in the Growth of 3C‐SiC Thin Film on Si Substrate
    The Electrochemical Society ; 1998
    In:  Journal of The Electrochemical Society Vol. 145, No. 1 ( 1998-01-01), p. 292-299
    Details
    In: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 145, No. 1 ( 1998-01-01), p. 292-299
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0013-4651 , 1945-7111
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/1.1838249
    RVK:
    VA 4000
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Multi-Layered Thin Film Y:BaZrO 3 Electrolytes for Anode-Supported Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2015
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2015-02, No. 36 ( 2015-07-07), p. 1264-1264
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2015-02, No. 36 ( 2015-07-07), p. 1264-1264
    Abstract: Acceptor-doped barium zirconate electrolytes, represented as yttrium-doped barium zirconate (Y:BaZrO 3 or BZY), are expected to allow ceramic fuel cells to be operated at intermediate temperatures in the range below 600 °C. This is because BZY conducts protons and exhibits a relatively high ionic conductivity with relatively small activation energy, especially compared to ceramics that conduct oxide ions, including yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC). The bulk conductivity of BZY is greater than that of YSZ by about one order at 600 °C and by two orders at 400 °C and, unlike cerate-based materials, BZY was found to exhibit good phase stability (1). Thus, there have been numerous efforts to develop BZY-based protonic ceramic fuel cells (BZY-PCFCs). Although several studies have reported BZY-PCFCs to perform well, with outputs of 140 mW/cm 2 and 180 mW/cm 2 in the intermediate temperature regime at 400 °C (2) and 450 °C (3), respectively, both of these were achieved in the form of freestanding nanoscale membranes. For practical production and use, however, fabrication of the BZY electrolyte in anode-supported stacks would be more desirable. Yet, the performance of anode-supported BZY-PCFCs is not yet as good as that of solid-oxide fuel cells. To our knowledge, 170 W/cm 2 is the greatest power output achieved with BZY-based fuel cells at 600 °C (4). An attempt to adopt a thin BZY electrolyte (4μm thickness) in anode-supported PCFCs has produced a power output of merely 110 W/cm 2 at 600 °C (5), attributed to the prevalence of a relatively large ohmic resistance, which implies the presence of structural defects such as poor grain adhesion (5). After performing a series of experiments, we realized that the adoption of multiple anode support layers with multi-step sintering promotes the structural and mechanical stability of thin film BZY electrolytes. As a result, the power output has exceeded 700 mW/cm 2 at 600 °C with an open circuit voltage over 1 V. At this presentation, we will share our recent experimental results and discuss the cell performance in relation with structural characteristics and composition. 1. K. D. Kreuer, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. , 33 , 333 (2003). 2. J. H. Shim, J. S. Park, J. An, S. Kang, T. M. Gür, and F. B. Prinz, Chem. Mater. , 21 (14), 3290 (2009). 3. Y. B. Kim, T. M. Gür, S. Kang, H-J. Jung, R. Sinclair, and F. B. Prinz, Electrochem. Commun. , 13 (5), 403 (2011). 4. L. Bi , E. Fabbri , Z. Sun, and E. Traversa, Energy Environ. Sci. , 4 , 409 (2011). 5. D. Pergolesi, E. Fabbri, and E. Traversa, Electrochem . Commun. , 12 , 977 (2010).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2015-02/36/1264
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Performance of Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cell with Thin Film Yttrium Doped Barium Zirconate Electrolyte
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2015
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2015-03, No. 1 ( 2015-07-15), p. 407-407
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2015-03, No. 1 ( 2015-07-15), p. 407-407
    Abstract: Perovskite protonic ceramics, or proton-conducting oxides, have attracted much attention in recent decades as alternative electrolytes for conventional solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Protonic ceramics have higher ionic conductivity and lower activation energy in SOFCs’ low operating temperature region (under 600°C) than oxide-ion-conducting oxides. Recently, many attempts have been made to enhance fuel cell performance by adopting thin-film protonic ceramics as electrolytes. In this work, anode-supported thin-film protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) were fabricated with thin-film yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BZY, BaZr 0.85 Y 0.15 O 3-δ ), which is one of the best-performing protonic ceramics with high bulk ion conductivity and good chemical stability. However, this material possesses poor sinterability, resulting in severe grain separation and a dramatic increase in ohmic overpotential from slow ion transport. In this work, we have applied novel multi-step annealing processes to achieve the densification of the BZY electrolytes, good adhesion between layers, and effective grain growth of the supporting composites. The NiO-BZY composite anode support was fabricated by tape casting and the BZY electrolyte was deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with a thickness of 2 μm. A perovskite cathode material of La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 3-δ (LSC) was formed porously by PLD with a thickness of 2 μm. The microstructures of the fabricated PCFCs were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performance in terms of current–voltage characteristics was obtained, and the maximum power output of 320‒530 mW/cm 2 was measured at 450‒600°C. The alternating current (AC) impedance data were collected under DC bias conditions at each operating temperature and analyzed to determine the resistive factors for the power outputs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2015-03/1/407
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Fabrication of Thin-Film Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte by Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2015
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2015-03, No. 1 ( 2015-07-15), p. 321-321
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2015-03, No. 1 ( 2015-07-15), p. 321-321
    Abstract: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are one of the most promising fuel cells because of their cost-effective materials, high efficiency, and fuel flexibility. However, the high operating temperature of SOFCs ( 〉 800°C) hinders their practical use. Performance enhancement by reducing the electrolyte thickness using thin-film deposition techniques may solve this drawback, because the large ohmic resistance of ion transport through the solid electrolyte lattice is the main factor increasing SOFCs’ operating temperature; this can be dramatically decreased with a thin electrolyte. Aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) uses aerosol droplets to transport high-mass precursors with reactive carrier gases. AACVD provides the opportunity to produce multicomponent materials at higher deposition rates with a cost-effective system compared to other thin-film deposition techniques. In this work, fully dense thin yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte films less than 1 μm thick were successfully fabricated by AACVD on the anode-supported SOFCs. For the AACVD, Zr(acac) 4 (acac=acetylacetonate) and Y(acac) 3 precursors were used as a solution in ethanol. High-purity N 2 was used as the carrier gas, and the substrates were heated to 450°C during the deposition. As a result, good fuel cell performance with a maximum power of 80‒590 mW/cm 2 was obtained at 450‒600°C. The details of the microstructures of our films and cells, together with the electrochemical performance evaluated from SOFCs with these AACVD YSZ electrolytes, will be presented at the session.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2015-03/1/321
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO 2 Nanowire Electrodes with High-Rate Performance
    The Electrochemical Society ; 2010
    In:  ECS Meeting Abstracts Vol. MA2010-01, No. 10 ( 2010-02-05), p. 638-638
    Details
    In: ECS Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, Vol. MA2010-01, No. 10 ( 2010-02-05), p. 638-638
    Abstract: Abstract not Available.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2151-2043
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1149/MA2010-01/10/638
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
    Publication Date: 2010
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