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  • The Company of Biologists  (6)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The spectral transmission of non-salticid spider corneas
    The Company of Biologists ; 2014
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists
    Abstract: Although many salticid spiders have been shown to have corneas that transmit ultraviolet light (UV). Whether the corneas of non-salticid spiders transmit UV has not been previously investigated. In this study, we determined the spectral corneal transmission properties of 38 species belonging to 13 non-salticid families. We used these data to estimate the T50 transmission cut-off value, the wavelength corresponding to 50% maximal transmission for each species. The corneas of almost all species from the families Deinopidae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Pisauridae, Sparassidae and Thomisidae, all of which have been reported to rely to a substantial extent on vision, transmitted short wavelengths below 400 nm, ranging from 306 to 381 nm. However, species from the families Atypidae and Ctenizidae are not known to rely substantially on vision, and the corneas of these species tended to absorb light of wavelengths below 380 nm, which may not allow UV sensitivity in these spiders. Liphistiidae, the family widely regarded as most basal among spiders, is of particular interest. The species in this family are not known to make substantial use of vision, and yet we found that liphistiid corneas transmitted UV light with a low T50 value (359 nm). T50 values of non-salticid spider corneas also varied with light habitat. Species living in dim environments tended to have UV-opaque corneas, but species inhabiting open areas had UV-transmitting corneas. However, there was no evidence of corneal transmission properties being related to whether a species is diurnal or nocturnal.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.099069
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Detritus decorations of an orb-weaving spider, Cyclosa mulmeinensis (Thorell): for food or camouflage?
    The Company of Biologists ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 212, No. 12 ( 2009-06-15), p. 1832-1839
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 212, No. 12 ( 2009-06-15), p. 1832-1839
    Abstract: Many species of the orb-web spider genus Cyclosa often adorn their webs with decorations of prey remains, egg sacs and/or plant detritus, termed`detritus decorations'. These detritus decorations have been hypothesised to camouflage the spider from predators or prey and thus reduce predation risk or increase foraging success. In the present study, we tested these two alternative hypotheses simultaneously using two types of detritus decorations(prey remain and egg sac) built by Cyclosa mulmeinensis (Thorell). By monitoring the possible responses of predators to spiders on their webs with and without decorations in the field, we tested whether web decorations would reduce the mortality of spiders. Wasp predators were observed to fly in the vicinity of webs with decorations slightly more often than in the vicinity of webs without decorations but there were very few attacks on spiders by wasps. By comparing the insect interception rates of webs with and without decorations in the field, we tested whether web decorations would increase the foraging success. Webs decorated with prey remains or egg sacs intercepted more insects than those without in the field. By calculating colour contrasts of both prey-remain and egg-sac decorations against spiders viewed by bird(blue tits) and hymenopteran (e.g. wasps) predators as well as hymenopteran(bees) prey, we showed that C. mulmeinensis spiders on webs with egg-sac decorations were invisible to both hymenopteran prey and predators and bird predators over short and long distances. While spiders on webs with prey-remain decorations were invisible to both hymenopterans and birds over short distances, spiders on webs with prey-remain decorations were visible to both predators and prey over long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with prey remains and egg sacs in C. mulmeinensis may primarily function as camouflage to conceal the spider from insects rather than as prey attractants, possibly contributing to the interception of more insect prey. However, the detritus decorations exhibit varying success as camouflage against predators, depending on whether predators are jumping spiders, wasps or birds, as well as on the decoration type.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.030502
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    High-lipid prey reduce juvenile survivorship and delay egg-laying in a small linyphiid spider Hylyphantes graminicola
    The Company of Biologists ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists
    Abstract: Prey proteins and lipids greatly impact predator life-history traits. However, life-history plasticity offers predators the opportunity to tune the life-history traits in response to the limited macronutrients to allocate among traits. A fast-growing predator species with a strict maturation time may be prone to nutritionally imbalanced prey. Here we tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of the protein-to-lipid ratio in prey on a small sheetweb spider, Hylyphantes graminicola, with a short life-span, using adult Drosophila melanogaster as the prey. By manipulating the macronutrient content of prey to generate three prey types with different protein-to-lipid ratios (i.e., high, intermediate and low), we demonstrated that the majority of the spiders that consumed only these flies could reach full maturity. However, juvenile spiders that consumed high-lipid (low protein-to-lipid ratio) flies had a higher rate of mortality than those consuming medium-protein and high-protein flies. The prey protein-to-lipid ratio had no significant effects on the developmental duration and size at maturity. Although the prey protein-to-lipid ratio had no significant influence on mating behaviour and female fecundity, females reared on high-lipid flies exhibited a significant delay in oviposition compared to those reared on high-protein flies. We conclude that high-lipid prey has negative effects on the survival and reproductive function of H. graminicola. Our study thus provides clear evidence that low plasticity with fast development to a certain size means high nutritional requirement for protein at a cost of lower survival and prolonged time to egg laying when prey have low protein-to-lipid content in H. graminicola.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237255
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spectral transmission of the principal-eye corneas of jumping spiders: implications for ultraviolet vision
    The Company of Biologists ; 2012
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 215, No. 16 ( 2012-08-15), p. 2853-2859
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 215, No. 16 ( 2012-08-15), p. 2853-2859
    Abstract: Ultraviolet (UV) vision plays an important role in interspecific and intraspecific communication in many animals. However, UV vision and its adaptive significance have been investigated in only approximately 1% of more than 5000 species of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae), renowned for their unique, complex eyes that support exceptional spatial acuity and visually based behaviour. To appreciate the adaptive significance of UV vision, it is important to establish whether salticids can perceive UV and whether the perception of UV varies with ecological factors such as light environment. In this study, we measured the UV-transmission properties of the principal-eye corneas of 128 salticid species. We found that the corneas of all measured species were able to transmit UV light, making the perception of UV possible. Three classes of corneal spectral transmission curves were identified; the majority of species had a Class II curve with a less-steep slope and a gradual onset of the transmission cut-off; all the remaining species had a Class I curve with a very steep slope and a sharp cut-off except for one species that had a Class III curve with an intermediate step, which appeared as a shoulder on the descending part of the transmission curve. The T50 cut-off transmission values (the wavelength at which 50% of the maximum transmission is reached) in salticid corneas vary with species and light habitat. The corneas of species inhabiting open bush had a higher relative transmission at short wavelengths in the UV than forest species. This is the first investigation of corneal transmission in spiders and suggests that UV perception is widespread in salticids.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.065904
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Prey interception drives web invasion and spider size determines successful web takeover in nocturnal orb-web spiders
    The Company of Biologists ; 2015
    In:  Biology Open Vol. 4, No. 10 ( 2015-10-15), p. 1326-1329
    Details
    In: Biology Open, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 4, No. 10 ( 2015-10-15), p. 1326-1329
    Abstract: A striking feature of web-building spiders is the use of silk to make webs, mainly for prey capture. However, building a web is energetically expensive and increases the risk of predation. To reduce such costs and still have access to abundant prey, some web-building spiders have evolved web invasion behaviour. In general, no consistent patterns of web invasion have emerged and the factors determining web invasion remain largely unexplored. Here we report web invasion among conspecifics in seven nocturnal species of orb-web spiders, and examined the factors determining the probability of webs that could be invaded and taken over by conspecifics. About 36% of webs were invaded by conspecifics, and 25% of invaded webs were taken over by the invaders. A web that was built higher and intercepted more prey was more likely to be invaded. Once a web was invaded, the smaller the size of the resident spider, the more likely its web would be taken over by the invader. This study suggests that web invasion, as a possible way of reducing costs, may be widespread in nocturnal orb-web spiders.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2046-6390
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/bio.012799
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2632264-X
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Influence of maternal diet on offspring survivorship, growth, and reproduction in a sheetweb spider
    The Company of Biologists ; 2020
    In:  Biology Open Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2020-11-15)
    Details
    In: Biology Open, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 9, No. 11 ( 2020-11-15)
    Abstract: Prey vary dramatically in quality, and maternal diet is generally assumed to substantially influence offspring survivorship, growth, and reproduction in spiders. Numerous studies that have tested this hypothesis have focused exclusively on parental generation or have considered relatively few fitness components of juvenile offspring. However, maternal diet may have a substantial effect on fitness performance beyond juvenile offspring. Here, we investigated the influence of one-time maternal feeding on multiple offspring fitness components, including the survival rate and growth of juvenile offspring as well as the mating and reproductive success of adult offspring in Hylyphantes graminicola, a sheetweb spider with an extremely short lifespan (∼1 month). We fed field-collected adult female spiders two different diets only once immediately before oviposition: midges (Tendipes sp.) only (MO) or flies (Drosophila melanogaster) only (FO). Juvenile offspring of MO females had significantly higher survival rate, faster growth, and larger male size at maturity than FO offspring. Although maternal diet did not significantly influence mating behavior or fecundity of female offspring overall, those of MO females laid eggs earlier and their eggs also hatched earlier and had a higher hatching rate than those of FO females. Intriguingly, one-time maternal feeding was sufficient to have such an influence on offspring fitness even beyond juvenile offspring in H. graminicola. This one-time maternal effect may be widespread in other spiders and other invertebrates with a short lifespan. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2046-6390
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/bio.056846
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2632264-X
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