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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyrolysis-gas chromatography of carbonate apatites used for sintering (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 29 (1995), S. 1451-1457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Gas chromatography was employed to quasi-continuously determine the amount of carbon dioxide that evolved from carbonate apatite specimens during sintering. Assuming that the carbonate in the specimens decomposed to carbon dioxide on a mole-for-mole basis, the determination of the carbon dioxide evolved allowed for the determination of the amount of carbonate that remained in the specimens during different stages of sintering. Previously, this measurement could be carried out only after sintering was completed. Comparison of data obtained from specimens compacted isostatically at 600 MPa for sintering with powder specimens indicated that the amount of carbonate remaining in the sintered apatite mass strongly depended on heating rates, heating temperatures, and holding-time intervals. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820291117
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    In vivo contribution of serine proteases to the proteolytic activation of {gamma}ENaC in aldosterone-infused rats (2012)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-02
    Description: Aldosterone plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure by modulating the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) that consists of α-, β-, and -subunits. Aldosterone induces a molecular weight shift of ENaC from 85 to 70 kDa that is necessary for the channel activation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that a dual cleavage mechanism is responsible for this shift. It has been postulated that furin executes the primary cleavage in the Golgi and that the second cleavage is provided by other serine proteases such as prostasin or plasmin at the plasma membrane. However, the in vivo contribution of serine proteases to this cleavage remains unclear. To address this issue, we administered the synthetic serine protease inhibitor camostat mesilate (CM) to aldosterone-infused rats. CM decreased the abundance of the 70-kDa form of ENaC and led to a new 75-kDa form with a concomitant increase in the urinary Na-to-K ratio. Because CM inhibits the protease activity of serine proteases such as prostasin and plasmin, but not furin, our findings strongly indicate that CM inhibited the second cleavage of ENaC and subsequently suppressed ENaC activity. The results of our current studies also suggest the possibility that the synthetic serine protease inhibitor CM might represent a new strategy for the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension in humans.
    Print ISSN: 1931-857X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1466
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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  • 3
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    Primary polydipsia, but not accumulated ceramide, causes lethal renal damage in saposin D-deficient mice (2012)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-02
    Description: Saposin D-deficient (Sap-D –/– ) mice develop polydipsia/polyuria and die prematurely due to renal failure with robust hydronephrosis. Such symptoms emerged when they were around 3 mo of age. To investigate the pathogenesis of their water mishandling, we attempted to limit water supply and followed sequential changes of physiological and biochemical parameters. We also analyzed renal histological changes at several time points. At 3 mo old just before water restriction challenge was started, their baseline arginine vasopressin level was comparable to the wild-type (WT) level. Twenty-four-hour water deprivation and desamino d -arginine vasopressin administration improved polydipsia and polyuria to certain degrees. However, creatinine concentrations in Sap-D –/– mice were significantly higher than those in WT mice, suggesting that some renal impairment already emerged in the affected mice at this age. Renal histological analyses revealed that renal tubules and collecting ducts were expanded after 3 mo old. After 6 mo old, vacuolar formation was observed, many inflammatory cells migrated around the ducts, and epithelial monolayer cells of tubular origin were replaced by plentiful cysts of various sizes. At 10~12 mo old, severe cystic deformity appeared. On the other hand, 8-mo-long water restriction started at 4 mo old dramatically improved tubular damage and restored once-dampened amount of tubular aquaporin2 protein to the WT level. Furthermore, 10-mo-long water restriction ameliorated their renal function. Remarkably, by continuing water restriction thereafter, overall survival period became comparable with that of the WT. Together, polyuria, devastating renal tubular lesions, and renal failure were ameliorated by the mere 10-mo-long water restriction, which would trigger lethal dehydration if the disease were to be caused by any processes other than primary polydipsia. Our study demonstrates that long-term water restriction surely improved renal histopathological changes leading to prevention of premature death in Sap-D –/– mice.
    Print ISSN: 1931-857X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1466
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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  • 4
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    Overview and early results of the Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements mission (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-24
    Description: Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements on Japanese Experiment Mod-ule (JEM-GLIMS) is a space mission to conduct the nadir observations of lightning discharges and transient luminous events (TLEs). The main ob-jectives of this mission are to identify the horizontal distribution of TLEs and to solve the occurrence conditions determining the spatial distribution. JEM-GLIMS was successfully launched and started continuous nadir obser-vations in 2012. The global distribution of the detected lightning events shows that most of the events occurred over continental regions in the local sum-mer hemisphere. In some events, strong far-ultraviolet emissions have been simultaneously detected with N2 1P and 2P emissions by the spectropho-tometers, which strongly suggests the occurrence of TLEs. Especially, in some of these events, no signi_cant optical emission was measured by the narrow-band filter camera, which suggests the occurrence of elves, not sprites. The VLF receiver also succeeded in detecting lightning whistlers, which show clear falling-tone frequency dispersion. Based on the optical data, the time delay from the detected lightning emission to the whistlers was identified as ~10 ms, which can be reasonably explained by the wave propagation with the group velocity of whistlers. The VHF interferometer conducted the space-borne interferometric observations and succeeded in detecting VHF pulses. We observed that the VHF pulses are likely to be excited by the lightning discharge possibly related with in-cloud discharges and measured with the JEM-GLIMS optical instruments. Thus, JEM-GLIMS provides the first full set of optical and electromagnetic data of lightning and TLEs obtained by nadir observations from space.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    The antifibrotic effect of a serine protease inhibitor in the kidney (2013)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-16
    Description: Interstitial fibrosis is a final common pathway for the progression of chronic kidney diseases. Activated fibroblasts have an extremely important role in the progression of renal fibrosis, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 1 is a major activator of fibroblasts. Since previous reports have indicated that serine protease inhibitors have a potential to inhibit TGF-β 1 signaling in vitro, we hypothesized that a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, camostat mesilate (CM), could slow the progression of renal fibrosis. TGF-β 1 markedly increased the phosphorylation of TGF-β type I receptor, ERK 1/2, and Smad2/3 and the levels of profibrotic markers, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, in renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F cells), and they were all significantly reduced by CM. In protocol 1 , 8-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and were concurrently treated with a slow-release pellet of CM or vehicle for 14 days. Protocol 2 was similar to protocol 1 except that CM was administered 7 days after UUO. CM substantially improved renal fibrosis as determined by sirius red staining, collagen expression, and hydroxyproline levels. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 and the levels of α-SMA, CTGF, promatrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were substantially increased by UUO, and they were all significantly attenuated by CM. These antifibrotic effects of CM were also observed in protocol 2 . Our present results suggest the possibility that CM might represent a new class of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of renal fibrosis through the suppression of TGF-β 1 signaling.
    Print ISSN: 1931-857X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1466
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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  • 6
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    Effect of a serine protease inhibitor on the progression of chronic renal failure (2012)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-16
    Description: The number of the chronic renal failure (CRF) patients is increasing explosively. Hypertension, proteinuria, inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress are intertwined in a complicated manner that leads to the progression of CRF. However, the therapeutic strategies to delay its progression are limited. Since serine proteases are involved in many processes that contribute to these risk factors, we investigated the effects of a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, camostat mesilate (CM), on the progression of CRF in 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx) rats. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: a sham-operated group ( n = 6), a vehicle-treated Nx group ( n = 6), and a CM-treated Nx group ( n = 6). Following the 9-wk study period, both proteinuria and serum creatinine levels were substantially increased in the vehicle-treated Nx group, and treatment with CM significantly reduced proteinuria and serum creatinine levels. The levels of podocyte-associated proteins in glomeruli, such as nephrin and synaptopodin, were markedly decreased by 5/6 nephrectomy, and this was significantly ameliorated by CM. CM also suppressed the levels of inflammatory and fibrotic marker mRNAs including transforming growth factor-β1, TNF-α, collagen types I, III, and IV, and reduced glomerulosclerosis, glomerular hypertrophy, and interstitial fibrosis in histological studies. Furthermore, CM decreased the expression of NADPH oxidase component mRNAs, as well as reactive oxygen species generation and advanced oxidative protein product levels. Our present results strongly suggest the possibility that CM could be a useful therapeutic agent against the progression of CRF.
    Print ISSN: 1931-857X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1466
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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