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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2859-2866 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: condensation polymers ; Worganonickel-organosilicon copolymers ; organosilicon polymers ; siloxane polymers ; organometallic polymers ; organonickel complexes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of five novel organonickel-organosilicon alternating copolymers having the repeating unit —C6F4—Ni‘PBu3’2—C6F4—SiR2— [where SiR2 = —SiMe2—, —SiMe‘Hex’—, —SiPh2—, —SiMe2—O—SiMe2—, and —SiMe2—‘CH2’6—SiMe2—] are reported. The model compounds Ni‘PR3’2‘1,4-C6F4SiMe3’2‘PR3 = PMePh2 or PBu3’ were prepared via reactions of Ni‘PR3’2‘1,4-C6F4Li’2 with 2 equiv of SiMe3Cl, and were characterized by conventional analytical and spectroscopic measurements. The Polymers were prepared from the reactions of Ni‘PBu3’2‘1,4-C6F4Li’2 with 1 equivalent of SiMe2Cl2 ‘polymer 1, Mw = 15,800’, SiMe ‘Hex’ Cl2 ‘polymer 2, Mw = 7300’, SiPh2Cl2 ‘polymer 3, Mw = 8600’, O‘SiMe2Cl’2 ‘polymer 4, Mw = 13,900’ and ‘CH2’6‘SiMe2Cl’2 ‘polymer 5, Mw = 19,700’. The molecular weights for each polymer were fully determined by both GPC and VPO. The multinuclear ‘1H-, 19F-, and 31P [1H]’-NMR, FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopic data for each polymer unambiguously establishes its repeating unit structure. The observations indicate that introduction of the silyl or siloxane units into the organonickel backbones has remarkably decreased the chain rigidity of the organonickel-organosilicon polymers compared to their rigid rod organonickel analogues ‘i.e., —[—C6F4—Ni‘PR3’2—]n—’. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 1431-1439 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: tetrafluorobenzene derivatives ; fluorinated polymers ; condensation polymers ; polyesters ; polycarbonates ; polyurethanes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The novel diol monomer, α,α,α′,α′-tetramethyl-1,4-tetrafluorobenzenedimethanol, has been synthesized by a convenient route which involves the addition of acetone to 1,4-dilithiotetrafluorobenzene and can be purified by washing with hexanes. It does not directly undergo condensation polymerizations with diacid chlorides. Its disodium salt, prepared by its reaction with sodium hydride, similarly fails to undergo such polymerizations readily. However, the dilithium salt, prepared in situ by the reaction of the title diol with 2 equiv of n-butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran, is suitable for the preparation of various classes of condensation polymers. Four polyesters and one polycarbonate derived from the reactions of the dilithium salt of the diol with adipoly dichloride, sebacoyl dichloride, isophthaloyl dichloride, terephthaloyl dichloride, and phosgene and two polyurethanes derived from its reactions with tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate and methylene-di-1,4-phenyl diisocyanate were prepared. Each was fully characterized by GPC, NMR, IR, and UV-visible spectroscopies, and the results of these studies are reported herein. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 47-56 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: acrylic esters ; fluorinated acrylates ; polyacrylates ; fluorinated polyacrylates ; fluorinated polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Five acrylic esters having different fluorine contents and distributions in their side-groups (i.e., CH2=CHC(O)OR, where R = —C(CH3)2C6F4H, —C(CH3)2C6F5, —C(CF3)2C6F5, —C(CF3)2C6H5, and —C(CH3)2C6H5) have been prepared from the reactions of the lithium salts of their corresponding alcohols with acryloyl chloride. These monomers are polymerized under identical conditions by the radical initiator AIBN and five polyacrylates were prepared having the structure of — [ —CH2CHC(O)OR—]n—. These addition polymers were compared and fully characterized by GPC, VPO, DSC, TGA, NMR, IR, and UV-visible spectroscopies, and they showed potential for practical applications. Significant differences in their thermal stabilities were found with respect to fluorine contents and distributions in these polyacrylates, and the highest stability arises from CF3 substitutions in the side-chains of the polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 335-346 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to study the structure of protein/sodium dodecylsulfate complexes. Two water soluble proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA), were used. The protein concentration was kept constant at 1 wt %, and protein/detergent wt ratio varied between 1/1, 1/1.5, 1/2 and 1/3. Absolute intensities of SANS distributions were analyzed by a fractal model. Analyses of large Q portions of SANS distributions established that sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) molecules bound to a protein/SDS complex form micelle-like clusters. On the other hand, analyses of small Q portions of SANS distributions clearly showed that the arrangement of micelle-like clusters resembles a fractal packing of spheres. We showed that a protein/SDS complex can be characterized by four parameters extracted from the scattering experiment, namely, the average micelle size and its aggregation number, the fractal dimension characterizing the conformation of the micellar chains, the correlation length giving the extent of the unfolded polypeptide chains, and the numbers of micelle-like clusters in the complex.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-09-27
    Description: Evaporation is one of the most important processes in the soil-plant-atmosphere-continuum (SPAC) water cycle. The objectives of the present study were to (1) test the feasibility of different methods for quantifying evapotranspiration and its components and (2) investigate and quantify evapotranspiration and its components in a subalpine watershed from April to October, 2009. Our research site was in the Gongga Mountains, located on the southeastern fringe of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The components of evapotranspiration could be observed using the interception, sap-flow, and stable isotope techniques. The summation of these components, referred to as the summed components method, was thought to be the evapotranspiration. Similar estimates of evapotranspiration from April to October were obtained using the summed components (736 mm) and Eddy covariance (598 mm) methods. The mean of two evapotranspiration estimates (667 mm) accounted for 50% of the total water input. Evapotranspiration was composed of 6% soil evaporation, 19% vegetation transpiration, and 75% interception evaporation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) represent a crucial component of the innate immune system in vertebrates. Although widely studied in mammals, little is known about the structure and function of fish CAMPs. Further to the previous findings, two more cathelicidin genes and multiple transcripts from rainbow trout were identified in the present study. Interestingly, we found that trout have evolved energy-saving forms of cathelicidins with the total deletion of the characteristic cathelin-like domain. Sequence analysis revealed that salmonid CAMPs have formed a special class of antimicrobial peptides in vertebrates with three distinctive hallmarks: the N terminus is intensified by positive charges, the central region consists of repetitive motifs based on RPGGGS, and the C terminus is lowly charged. Immunofluorescence localization of trout CAMPs demonstrated that these peptides expressed mainly at the mucosal layer of gut. Meanwhile, signals around sinusoids were also detected in head kidney. Moreover, the biological activities of trout CAMPs were proved to be mediated by the N terminus. Additionally, the repetitive motifs characteristically existing in Salmonidae increased the structural flexibilities of peptides and further increased the antibacterial and IL-8–stimulating activities. Unlike most α helical and cytotoxic mammalian CAMPs, trout CAMPs, mainly consisting of β-sheet and random coil, exhibited no cytotoxic activities. The distinctive structural features of trout CAMPs provide new insights into the understanding of the evolution of CAMPs in vertebrates. Moreover, the high bacterial membrane selectivity of trout CAMPs will help to design excellent peptide antibiotics.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1767
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-6606
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: Background T lymphocytes have been demonstrated to cause the destruction of melanocytes in vitiligo pathogenesis. Narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB), as an effective therapeutic strategy in vitiligo, can lead to the formation of DNA photoproducts cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in perilesional lymphocytes and thus induce skin immunosuppression. The repair of DNA photoproducts is mainly performed through nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. We hypothesized that the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NER genes can influence the repair capacity of CPDs and thus contribute to the variations of phototherapy efficiency. Objectives To detect the genetic polymorphisms of NER genes and its relationship with NB-UVB therapy efficiency in active vitiligo patients. Methods We investigated the association of NER SNPs ( XPA A23G , XPC Ci11A , XPC C2919A , ERCC1 C118T ) with phototherapy efficiency in 86 vitiligo patients who received NB-UVB treatment. Furthermore, we examined the impact of ERCC1 C118T SNP on the apoptosis of T lymphocytes and CPDs accumulation after NB-UVB irradiation. Results We found that vitiligo patients with the ERCC1 118 CC genotype showed better efficacy after NB-UVB irradiation, compared with those with the ERCC1 118 TT and CT genotypes, whereas no such association was documented among the genotypes of XPA A23G , XPC Ci11A and XPC C2919A . Additionally, the apoptosis rates and CPDs level of lymphocytes after NB-UVB irradiation from patients with the ERCC1 118 CC genotype was significantly higher than those with the ERCC1 118 TT and CT genotypes. Conclusions The ERCC1 118 CC genotype confers better efficacy of NB-UVB therapy in active vitiligo patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0007-0963
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2133
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-05-31
    Description: We calculate a predicted interpolating result of surface heat flow based on a data set with 2674 measurements in the Western Pacific. Comparisons of heat flow profiles between the back-arc basin and the corresponding subduction slab show that the cold subducting slab may cause indirectly the thermal activities of back-arc basins. We estimate that values of 〈50 mW/m 2 for both the Philippine Sea Plate and the Pacific Plate may respectively cause the thermal activity of the Okinawa Trough and the Kuril Basin. Moreover, cold subduction may release carbonatitic liquid at different depths, and the process of releasing liquid ends up with the maximum range of serpentinization. The hot subduction system has released most of the water before being incorporated into the mantle wedge; therefore, at great depths, the amount of carbon may dominate the subducting process by controlling partial melting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0072-1050
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1034
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-03-01
    Description: Background Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma (PPPK, OMIM 148600) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by multiple punctate keratoses on the palms and soles. Recently, mutations in the alpha- and gamma-adaptin-binding protein p34 ( AAGAB ) and collagen, type XIV, alpha 1( COL14A1 ) PPPK have been reported to cause PPPK. Objectives To identify mutations in the AAGAB and COL14A1 genes in three Chinese families with PPPK. Methods Genomic DNAs of the family members and 100 healthy individuals were isolated. Direct sequencing of all PCR products of the whole coding regions of AAGAB and COL14A1 genes was performed to identify the mutation. Results A heterozygous nonsense mutation c.61C〉T (Q21X) was identified in AAGAB gene in two Chinese families with PPPK. We failed to detect any mutations in the AAGAB or COL14A1 gene in Family 3. Conclusions A novel loss-of-function mutation within the AAGAB gene associated with PPPK was identified from 2 Chinese pedigrees.
    Print ISSN: 0007-0963
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2133
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-09-07
    Description: The response of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux to permafrost degradation is one of the major sources of uncertainty in predicting the permafrost carbon feedback. We investigated DOC export and properties over two complete flow seasons in a catchment on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. DOC concentration and biodegradability decreased systematically as thaw depth increased through the season, attributable to changing carbon sources and degree of microbial processing. Increasing DOC aromaticity and δ 13 C-DOC indicated shifts towards more recalcitrant carbon sources and greater residence time in soils prior to reaching the stream network. These strong and consistent seasonal trends suggest that gradual active layer deepening may decrease DOC export and biodegradability from permafrost catchments. Because these patterns are opposite observations from areas experiencing abrupt permafrost collapse (thermokarst), the overall impact of permafrost degradation on DOC flux and biodegradability may depend on the proportion of the landscape experiencing gradual thaw versus thermokarst.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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