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  • Springer Science and Business Media LLC  (18)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2018
    In:  Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2018-01-17)
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2018-01-17)
    Abstract: Antimicrobial use in food-producing animals selects for antimicrobial resistance that can be transmitted to humans via food or other transmission routes. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 ranked the medical importance of antimicrobials used in humans. In late 2017, to preserve the effectiveness of medically important antimicrobials for humans, WHO released guidelines on use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals that incorporated the latest WHO rankings. Methods WHO commissioned systematic reviews and literature reviews, and convened a Guideline Development Group (GDG) of external experts free of unacceptable conflicts-of-interest. The GDG assessed the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, and formulated recommendations using a structured evidence-to-decision approach that considered the balance of benefits and harms, feasibility, resource implications, and impact on equity. The resulting guidelines were peer-reviewed by an independent External Review Group and approved by the WHO Guidelines Review Committee. Results These guidelines recommend reductions in the overall use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, including complete restriction of use of antimicrobials for growth promotion and for disease prevention (i.e., in healthy animals considered at risk of infection). These guidelines also recommend that antimicrobials identified as critically important for humans not be used in food-producing animals for treatment or disease control unless susceptibility testing demonstrates the drug to be the only treatment option. Conclusions To preserve the effectiveness of medically important antimicrobials, veterinarians, farmers, regulatory agencies, and all other stakeholders are urged to adopt these recommendations and work towards implementation of these guidelines.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2047-2994
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0294-9
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2666706-X
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  • 2
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    Epidemiology and Outcome Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Revisited: A Population-Based Study
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2019
    In:  Infection Vol. 47, No. 6 ( 2019-12), p. 961-971
    Details
    In: Infection, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 47, No. 6 ( 2019-12), p. 961-971
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0300-8126 , 1439-0973
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01330-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2006315-5
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  • 3
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    Forgoing transesophageal echocardiogram in selected patients with complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Vol. 40, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 623-631
    Details
    In: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 40, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 623-631
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0934-9723 , 1435-4373
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04097-y
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1459049-9
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  • 4
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    Patient and ward related risk factors in a multi-ward nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19: Outbreak investigation and matched case–control study
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2023-03-22)
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2023-03-22)
    Abstract: Risk factors for nosocomial COVID-19 outbreaks continue to evolve. The aim of this study was to investigate a multi-ward nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19 between 1st September and 15th November 2020, occurring in a setting without vaccination for any healthcare workers or patients. Methods Outbreak report and retrospective, matched case–control study using incidence density sampling in three cardiac wards in an 1100-bed tertiary teaching hospital in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Patients were confirmed/probable COVID-19 cases and contemporaneous control patients without COVID-19. COVID-19 outbreak definitions were based on Public Health guidelines. Clinical and environmental specimens were tested by RT-PCR and as applicable quantitative viral cultures and whole genome sequencing were conducted. Controls were inpatients on the cardiac wards during the study period confirmed to be without COVID-19, matched to outbreak cases by time of symptom onset dates, age within ± 15 years and were admitted in hospital for at least 2 days. Demographics, Braden Score, baseline medications, laboratory measures, co-morbidities, and hospitalization characteristics were collected on cases and controls. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistical regression was used to identify independent risk factors for nosocomial COVID-19. Results The outbreak involved 42 healthcare workers and 39 patients. The strongest independent risk factor for nosocomial COVID-19 (IRR 3.21, 95% CI 1.47–7.02) was exposure in a multi-bedded room. Of 45 strains successfully sequenced, 44 (97.8%) were B.1.128 and differed from the most common circulating community lineages. SARS-CoV-2 positive cultures were detected in 56.7% (34/60) of clinical and environmental specimens. The multidisciplinary outbreak team observed eleven contributing events to transmission during the outbreak. Conclusions Transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital outbreaks are complex; however multi-bedded rooms play a significant role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2047-2994
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01215-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2666706-X
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  • 5
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    Detection and quantification of infectious severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 in diverse clinical and environmental samples
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-03-30)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-03-30)
    Abstract: To explore the potential modes of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, we collected 535 diverse clinical and environmental samples from 75 infected hospitalized and community patients. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 with quantitative burdens varying from 5 plaque-forming units/mL (PFU/mL) up to 1.0 × 10 6  PFU/mL was detected in 151/459 (33%) of the specimens assayed and up to 1.3 × 10 6  PFU/mL on fomites with confirmation by plaque morphology, PCR, immunohistochemistry, and/or sequencing. Infectious virus in clinical and associated environmental samples correlated with time since symptom onset with no detection after 7–8 days in immunocompetent hosts and with N-gene based C t values ≤ 25 significantly predictive of yielding plaques in culture. SARS-CoV-2 isolated from patient respiratory tract samples caused illness in a hamster model with a minimum infectious dose of ≤ 14 PFU. Together, our findings offer compelling evidence that large respiratory droplet and contact (direct and indirect i.e., fomites) are important modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09218-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2615211-3
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  • 6
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    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (November 2019–June 2021)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: Pneumonia from SARS-CoV-2 is difficult to distinguish from other viral and bacterial etiologies. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials are frequently prescribed to patients hospitalized with COVID-19 which potentially acts as a catalyst for the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Objectives We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis during the first 18 months of the pandemic to quantify the prevalence and types of resistant co-infecting organisms in patients with COVID-19 and explore differences across hospital and geographic settings. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science (BioSIS), and Scopus from November 1, 2019 to May 28, 2021 to identify relevant articles pertaining to resistant co-infections in patients with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2. Patient- and study-level analyses were conducted. We calculated pooled prevalence estimates of co-infection with resistant bacterial or fungal organisms using random effects models. Stratified meta-analysis by hospital and geographic setting was also performed to elucidate any differences. Results Of 1331 articles identified, 38 met inclusion criteria. A total of 1959 unique isolates were identified with 29% (569) resistant organisms identified. Co-infection with resistant bacterial or fungal organisms ranged from 0.2 to 100% among included studies. Pooled prevalence of co-infection with resistant bacterial and fungal organisms was 24% (95% CI 8–40%; n = 25 studies: I 2  = 99%) and 0.3% (95% CI 0.1–0.6%; n = 8 studies: I 2  = 78%), respectively. Among multi-drug resistant organisms, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multi-drug resistant Candida auris were most commonly reported. Stratified analyses found higher proportions of AMR outside of Europe and in ICU settings, though these results were not statistically significant. Patient-level analysis demonstrated  〉  50% (n = 58) mortality, whereby all but 6 patients were infected with a resistant organism. Conclusions During the first 18 months of the pandemic, AMR prevalence was high in COVID-19 patients and varied by hospital and geography although there was substantial heterogeneity. Given the variation in patient populations within these studies, clinical settings, practice patterns, and definitions of AMR, further research is warranted to quantify AMR in COVID-19 patients to improve surveillance programs, infection prevention and control practices and antimicrobial stewardship programs globally.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2047-2994
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01085-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2666706-X
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  • 7
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    Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection following rituximab treatment: clinical course and response to therapeutic interventions correlated with quantitative viral cultures and cycle threshold values
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA is completed through reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) from either oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs, critically important for diagnostics but also from an infection control lens. Recent studies have suggested that COVID-19 patients can demonstrate prolonged viral shedding with immunosuppression as a key risk factor. Case presentation We present a case of an immunocompromised patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection demonstrating prolonged infectious viral shedding for 189 days with virus cultivability and clinical relapse with an identical strain based on whole genome sequencing, requiring a multi-modal therapeutic approach. We correlated clinical parameters, PCR cycle thresholds and viral culture until eventual resolution. Conclusions We successfully demonstrate resolution of viral shedding, administration of COVID-19 vaccination and maintenance of viral clearance. This case highlights implications in the immunosuppressed patient towards infection prevention and control that should consider those with prolonged viral shedding and may require ancillary testing to fully elucidate viral activity. Furthermore, this case raises several stimulating questions around complex COVID-19 patients around the role of steroids, effect of antiviral therapies in absence of B-cells, role for vaccination and the requirement of a multi-modal approach to eventually have successful clearance of the virus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2047-2994
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01067-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    Antibacterial treatment for exotic species, backyard ruminants and small flocks: a narrative review highlighting barriers to effective and appropriate antimicrobial treatment
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  BMC Veterinary Research Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2022-12)
    Details
    In: BMC Veterinary Research, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 18, No. 1 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a complex One Health issue that exists in both human and veterinary medicine. To mitigate this ever-growing problem, efforts have been made to develop guidelines for appropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) across sectors. In veterinary medicine, there are notable literature gaps for proper AMU in minor species. We conducted a structured narrative review covering the years of July 2006 – July 2021 to find antimicrobial treatments for common bacterial infections in exotic (birds, rodents, reptiles, and others), small flock (chickens, turkeys, and other fowl), and backyard small ruminant (sheep and goats) species. We retrieved a total of 4728 articles, of which 21 articles met the criteria for our review. Studies were grouped according to species, syndrome, and body system affected. Other data extracted included the bacterial pathogen(s), treatment (active ingredient), and geographical origin. Body systems reported included: intra-oral ( n =  4), gastrointestinal ( n =  1), respiratory ( n =  2), reproductive ( n =  1), skin ( n =  3), aural ( n =  1), ocular ( n =  4), and other/multisystem ( n =  5). By species, our search resulted in: rabbit ( n =  5), rat ( n =  2), guinea pig ( n =  1), chinchilla ( n =  1), guinea pig and chinchilla ( n =  1), avian species ( n =  1), psittacine birds ( n =  2), loris and lorikeets ( n =  1), turtles ( n =  2), lizards ( n =  1), goats ( n =  2) and sheep ( n =  2). The results of our findings identified a distinct gap in consistent antimicrobial treatment information for commonly encountered bacterial conditions within these species. There is a persisting need for clinical trials that focus on antibacterial treatment to strengthen the evidence base for AMU within exotic, small flock, and backyard small ruminant species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1746-6148
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03305-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2191675-5
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  • 9
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    Longitudinal remotely mentored self-performed lung ultrasound surveillance of paucisymptomatic Covid-19 patients at risk of disease progression
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  The Ultrasound Journal Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Details
    In: The Ultrasound Journal, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: COVID-19 has impacted human life globally and threatens to overwhelm health-care resources. Infection rates are rapidly rising almost everywhere, and new approaches are required to both prevent transmission, but to also monitor and rescue infected and at-risk patients from severe complications. Point-of-care lung ultrasound has received intense attention as a cost-effective technology that can aid early diagnosis, triage, and longitudinal follow-up of lung health. Detecting pleural abnormalities in previously healthy lungs reveal the beginning of lung inflammation eventually requiring mechanical ventilation with sensitivities superior to chest radiographs or oxygen saturation monitoring. Using a paradigm first developed for space-medicine known as Remotely Telementored Self-Performed Ultrasound (RTSPUS), motivated patients with portable smartphone support ultrasound probes can be guided completely remotely by a remote lung imaging expert to longitudinally follow the health of their own lungs. Ultrasound probes can be couriered or even delivered by drone and can be easily sterilized or dedicated to one or a commonly exposed cohort of individuals. Using medical outreach supported by remote vital signs monitoring and lung ultrasound health surveillance would allow clinicians to follow and virtually lay hands upon many at-risk paucisymptomatic patients. Our initial experiences with such patients are presented, and we believe present a paradigm for an evolution in rich home-monitoring of the many patients expected to become infected and who threaten to overwhelm resources if they must all be assessed in person by at-risk care providers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2524-8987
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s13089-021-00231-9
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2965029-X
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  • 10
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    The natural history and genetic diversity of Haemophilus influenzae infecting the airways of adults with cystic fibrosis
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2022
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-09-21)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2022-09-21)
    Abstract: Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative pathobiont, frequently recovered from the airways of persons with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Previous studies of H. influenzae infection dynamics and transmission in CF predominantly used molecular methods, lacking resolution. In this retrospective cohort study, representative yearly H. influenzae isolates from all pwCF attending the Calgary Adult CF Clinic with H. influenzae positive sputum cultures between 2002 and 2016 were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Isolates with shared pulsotypes common to ≥ 2 pwCF were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Phylogenetic and pangenomic analyses were used to assess genetic relatedness within shared pulsotypes, and epidemiological investigations were performed to assess potential for healthcare associated transmission. H. influenzae infection was observed to be common (33% of patients followed) and dynamic in pwCF. Most infected pwCF exhibited serial infections with new pulsotypes (75% of pwCF with ≥ 2 positive cultures), with up to four distinct pulsotypes identified from individual patients. Prolonged infection by a single pulsotype was only rarely observed. Intra-patient genetic diversity was observed at the single-nucleotide polymorphism and gene content levels. Seven shared pulsotypes encompassing 39% of pwCF with H. influenzae infection were identified, but there was no evidence, within our sampling scheme, of direct patient-to-patient infection transmission.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19240-2
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2615211-3
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