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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the effects of zinc pollution on the macro-invertebrate populations of the Afon Crafnant, North Wales (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 7 (1985), S. 98-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: acute ; chronic ; community ; diversity ; heavy metals ; indices ; macro-invertebrates ; mine-waste ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The study of the input draining from mine-waste into the Afon Crafnant, N. Wales, revealed that the most significant pollutant was zinc. The concentrations of zinc were monitored during 1978 and 1979, and spot samples were concentrated and analysed for lead, copper, cadmium, iron, cobalt, manganese and nickel. Analysis was by flame atomic absorption specto-scopy. The ‘total’ zinc concentration of the input was about 4 mg Zn/l which was diluted by the Afon Crafnant to give mean annual concentrations of 213 μg Zn/l and 146 μg Zn/l for 1978 and 1979 respectively at a site 60 metres downstream of the input. The numbers of individuals and number of taxa in the macro-invertebrate community were reduced at these concentrations. The taxa affected werePhagocata vitta,Erpobdella octoculata, Oligochaeta,Ithytrichia lamellaris, Simuliidae,Ancylus fluviatilis andRithrogena semicolorata. Several commonly used diversity indices failed to show differences between the macro- invertebrate communities at the affected and control sites whereas a modified version of Chandler's Biotic Score (detailed in this paper) revealed both the acute effects at higher concentrations and the chronic effects at lower concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01783556
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative survey of the Erpobdella octoculata (L.) populations in the Afon Crafnant, N. Wales, above and below an input of zinc from mine-waste (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 120 (1985), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Erpobdella ; density ; cocoons ; eggs ; zinc ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life-cycle, growth, and reproductive success of a stream-dwelling Erpobdella octoculata (L.) were studied over a 19-month period at two sites, one above and one below an input of zinc pollution from mine-waste. Samples were collected monthly using quadrats. The blotted wet weight of all leeches was measured. An histological technique was employed to determine sexual maturity. Reproductive success was measured by estimating the numbers of cocoons and number of eggs per cocoon at each site. A wet ashing technique, followed by analysis using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, was used to determine the extent of bioaccumulation of zinc. ‘Total’ zinc and other metals in the waters were similarly analysed. Differences were found between the populations at the two sites. The life-history of the Erpobdella above the contamination was comparable to that found for other stream-dwelling populations previously studied. Observed differences in densities of leeches between sites in the present and in previous studies by other workers may be due to recorded differences in the abundance of available food. At the polluted site, there was evidence that (a) there was a delay in cocoon deposition and hence hatching of young, (b) the adult leeches produced more misshapened and empty cocoons, (c) no relationship existed between the area of cocoons with eggs and number of eggs present, and (d) the proportion of young to adult leech was smaller at the polluted site. At the polluted site, higher levels of zinc were recorded in the tissues of Erpobdella and there was some evidence for the active intake of zinc by the leech.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032131
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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