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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Night roosting and the nocturnal time budget of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus: Effects of reproductive status, prey density, and environmental conditions (1981)
    Springer
    Oecologia 51 (1981), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The insectivorous bat Myotis lucifugus typically apportions the night into two foraging periods separated by an interval of night roosting. During this interval, many bats occupy roosts that are used exclusively at night and are spatially separate from maternity roosts. The proportion of the night which bats spend roosting, and thus the proportion spent foraging, vary both daily and seasonally in relation to the reproductive condition of the bats, prey density, and ambient temperature. A single, continuous night roosting period is observed during pregnancy. During lactation, females return to maternity roosts between foraging bouts, and night roosts are used only briefly and sporadically. Maximum use of night roosts occurs in late summer after young become volant. Superimposed upon these seasonal trends is day-to-day variation in the bats' nightly time budget. Long night roosting periods and short foraging periods are associated with cool nights and low prey density. This behavioral response may minimize energetic losses during periods of food scarcity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540593
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative DNA-Analyse an 128 Mammakarzinom-Gewebsproben (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 245 (1989), S. 661-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02417485
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osteocalcin (OC) — Tumormarker zur Verlaufskontrolle beim ossär metastasierten Mammakarzinom (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 245 (1989), S. 679-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02417496
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    4-Hydroxyandrostendion (4-OHA): ein neuer Aromatasehemmer zur Therapie des postmenopausalen, metastasierten Mammakarzinoms (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 245 (1989), S. 731-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 4-OHA ist ein klinisch wirksamer Aromatasehemmer, aufgrund der hohen Selektivität ist keine Kortikoidsubstitution erforderlich. Die Behandlung mit 4-OHA stellt bei gegenüber dem Aminoglutethmid vergleichbar therapeutischer Wirksamkeit aufgrund der deutlich geringeren Nebenwirkungen und der guten Therapieakzeptanz eine wesentliche Bereicherung der additiven Therapiemaßnahmen dar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02417528
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary energetics of the insectivorous Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) during pregnancy and lactation (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 101 (1995), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Bats ; Energetics ; Diet composition ; Feeding rates ; Tadarida brasiliensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stomach content analysis of 20 pregnant (x body mass=13.4 g) and 18 lactating (x body mass=11.5 g) female Tadarida brasiliensis revealed that the diet, expressed as percent volume, consists largely of lepidopterans, coleopterans, hymenopterans, and dipterans, in decreasing order of importance. We found no significant difference in the diet of pregnant and lactating females when expressed as percent volume. However, when expressed as percent frequency, proportionately more pregnant females fed on lepidopterans, coleopterans, and dipterans than did lactating bats, and proportionately more lactating females fed on hymenopterans. We found no significant differences in the percentages of water, lean dry mass, fat, and energy density in the stomach contents of pregnant and lactating females. Water in stomach contents averaged 62.7% and fat and lean dry mass averaged 22.2% and 15.2%, respectively (expressed as percentage of wet mass); energy density averaged 31.2 kJ g−1 dry mass. This relatively high energy density of stomach contents, as compared to whole insects, can be attributed to the consumption of insects high in fat (especially flying ants) and the abdomens only of moths and beetles (other body parts being discarded). Estimates of nightly food intake increased markedly from mid- to late pregnancy, stabilized or decreased during late pregnancy, and increased again during early to mid-lactation. Average nightly feeding rate doubled from pregnancy to lactation and increased threefold during the first half of lactation. By adjusting our gravimetric estimates of nightly feeding rate upwards by 40% (based on estimates of field metabolic rate), we estimate that the average nightly energy intake of female T. brasiliensis ranges from 57 kJ day−1 in early lactation to 104 kJ day−1 in mid-lactation. These estimates represent nightly feeding rates averaging 39% and 73% of a female's body mass in the period from early to mid-lactation, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329419
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource partitioning in rhinolophoid bats revisited (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 124 (2000), S. 332-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Community structure ; Rhinolophus ; Hipposideros ; Echolocation ; Wing morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We assessed the ecomorphological structure of a guild of rhinolophoid bats in a Malaysian rainforest first described by Heller and von Helversen (1989). These authors found that the distribution of echolocation call frequencies used by 12 syntopic species was more even than expected from allometric relationships or in randomly generated communities, and that the observed minimal ratio was greater than expected by chance alone. In this study we were able to expand their guild to 15 species, but in doing so it became apparent that call frequencies might be less evenly distributed across the total frequency range than previously proposed. We replicated Heller and von Helversen’s (1989) analyses with the full 15-species complement but were unable to support their suggestion that rhinolophoid bats exhibit resource partitioning through differences in frequency bands. We adopted a multivariate approach and incorporated measures of body size and wing morphology into the analysis. We used phylogenetic autocorrelation to ensure that the species were statistically independentand principal component analysis to describe the morphological space occupied by the 15 species in the community and four additional species representing the extremes of phenotypic variation. We derived interspecific Euclidean distances and tested the mean values and SDs of these distances against those of 100 guilds of ”synthetic” species created randomly within the principal component space. The guild of Rhinolophoidea was not distributed randomly in multivariate space. Instead we found evidence of morphological overdispersion of the most similar species, which suggests niche differentiation in response to competition. Less similar species were nearer in morphological space than expected, and we suggest this is a consequence of ecological constraints on parameter combinations. Despite this underdispersion, many of the more distant neighbours were evenly rather than randomly spaced or clumped in morphospace, suggesting that, given the environmental constraints on morphology, species in this guild do experience limits to their similarity. Finally, we tested the influence of the relative abundance of species on morphological displacement, and found no evidence that abundant, spatially correlated species reduce interspecific overlap in morphological space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008866
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical Composition of Fruits and Leaves Eaten by Short-Nosed Fruit Bat, Cynopterus sphinx (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2825-2841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bats ; calcium ; folivory ; frugivory ; nutrition ; protein ; Pteropodidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated organic and macromineral composition of selected fruits and leaves consumed by the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx in South India. Results of principal components analysis (PCA) comparing soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, and crude fats indicate a higher percentage of protein in leaves and a higher percentage of carbohydrates and lipids in fruits. However, results of a paired t test comparing these organic components indicated no differences between fruits and leaves. Among the fruits analyzed, Musa x paradisiaca had the highest percentage of carbohydrates, and Psidium guajava had the highest percentage of lipids. Leaves of Cassia fistula, Moringa oleifera, coccinia cordifolia, and F. religiosa had the highest percentage of protein. PCA of selected macrominerals (Ca, Na, K, and P) indicate higher levels of Ca in leaves than in fruits. Results of t tests comparing these macrominerals revealed a difference between fruits and leaves for Ca, but not for the other macrominerals. Among the leaves analyzed, Ca was highest in mature leaves of C. fistula and lowest in leaves of F. religiosa. Leaves of M. oleifera and fruits of Achras sapota were highest in sodium. Among fruits analyzed for macrominerals, Ca was highest in F. bengalensis and lowest in Prosopis juliflora, A. sapota, and M. x paradisiaca. Potassium levels were highest in leaves of C. cordifolia and fruit pods of Prosopis juliflora. Phosphorus content was highest in leaves of M. oleifera and fruits of M. x paradisiaca. The relatively high concentrations of protein and calcium in leaves eaten by C. sphinx supports the hypothesis that leaves are important dietary sources for this plant-visiting bat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026446011693
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma leptin decreases during lactation in insectivorous bats (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 169 (1999), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Chiroptera ; Energy balance ; Lactation ; Leptin ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We previously demonstrated high leptin levels during late pregnancy in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). We now extend these observations to a second species, the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), and also report that leptin increases after the first trimester of pregnancy. Leptin decreased to baseline 1 week following parturition, with a half-time decay of 2 days. During lactation, leptin was significantly correlated with body mass in E. fuscus, but not in M. lucifugus. No circadian pattern of leptin was observed in M. lucifugus. The decrease in post-partum leptin in bats may be partly explained by loss of putative placental leptin. The continued decrease may reflect depletion of body fat during this energy demanding period, at least in Eptesicus. Changes in leptin during lactation appeared to be independent of circadian effects and time of sampling. Our study provides additional evidence that leptin increases during pregnancy and declines during lactation in a free-ranging mammal, supporting the hypothesis that leptin plays important but yet undetermined roles in reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050194
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical and biochemical properties of flight muscle fibers in the little brown bat,Myotis lucifugus (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 119 (1977), S. 141-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this investigation was (1) to determine the fiber composition of pectoralis muscle of the little brown bat,Myotis lucifugus; (2) to compare the fiber composition of this muscle with two of the animal's accessory flight muscles; and (3) to study the effect of hibernation on pectoralis muscle fiber composition. Bat skeletal muscle fibers were also compared with those of white laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). Bat pectoralis muscles possessed exceptionally high oxidative capacities as indicated by their succinate dehydrogenase activities, but relatively low glycolytic potentials (phosphofructokinase activities). Muscle histochemistry demonstrated that fiber composition of bat pectorlis muscle was homogeneous; all fibers possessed high aerobic and low glycolytic potentials, and high myofibrillar ATPase activities indicating fast contractile properties. In contrast, accessory flight muscles possessed three distinguishable fiber types. During hibernation there was a significant decline in oxidative potential, no change in glycolytic potential, and no alteration in basic fiber composition of bat pectoralis muscle. The findings of this study suggest that pectoralis muscles ofM. lucifugus may approach the ultimate adaptation of a mammalian locomotory muscle for aerobic generation of muscular power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686562
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in milk composition during lactation in three species of insectivorous bats (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1995), S. 543-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Milk composition ; Lactation ; Bats ; Free-ranging bats ; Microchiroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in milk composition are described for three species of free-ranging insectivorous bats (Myotis lucifugus, M. velifer, and Tadarida brasiliensis) from early to mid (peak) lactation. Dry matter and energy concentrations in milk increased from early to mid-lactation. In M. lucifugus and T. brasiliensis, but not M. velifer, these increases were due largely to a rise in fat concentration, since protein and carbohydrate remained relatively constant. Energy content of milk (kJ·g-1) for each species from early through mid-lactation was related to dry matter (DM) as follows: M. lucifugus (y=0.31 DM-0.32, r 2=0.68), M. velifer (y=0.48 DM-5.08, r 2=0.99), and T. brasiliensis (y=0.37 DM-1.51, r 2=0.61). Comparison of the effect of sampling method on milk composition of T. brasiliensis indicated that fat, dry matter, and energy concentrations increased significantly from pre-dawn to prenoon samples. Relatively high fat and low water levels in T. brasiliensis milk may reflect the limited access that lactating females have to free water, as well as need to minimize mass of stored milk during long foraging trips. Conversely, lower fat concentrations and higher water levels in milk in M. lucifugus and M. velifer may relate to the propensity for colonies of these two species to roost and forage near bodies of water. In addition, differences in milk fat concentrations observed among the three species may correlate to daily suckling schedules. Females of T. brasiliensis, for example, roost apart from and suckle their young on a regular daily schedule, whereas both species of Myotis roost with their pups and appear to suckle them on demand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261395
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