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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 78 (1989), S. 851-882 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Major and minor elements (incl. Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) have been determined in recent sediments from the Gulf of California upwelling area and Black Sea sapropels in order to reinterpret their chemical composition in view of reliable seawater and plankton data. The chemistry of the Gulf of California sediments reflects regeneration processes which occur in the water column; i.e. only a small fraction (〈10%) of elements like Cd, which in seawater are coupled to the »labile« nutrients (C, N, P), is buried in the sedimentary column. In contrast, elements like the more resistant nutrients (Si) undergo a deeper regeneration cycle (Ba). Several trace metals which are present in comparatively higher concentrations in seawater (As, Mo, U, V) and at the same time are reactive under reducing conditions and/or are able to form stable Sulfides, are fixed in the sediments during early diagenesis. The early diagenetic behavior of Ba is closely related to bacterial sulfate reduction. The formation of barite concretions is discussed. Anoxic conditions in the water column act as ideal traps for a number of redox sensitive and/or stable sulfide forming elements. A simple trace metal balance calculation shows that the chemical composition of Black Sea sapropels is controlled by fluvial and Mediterranean seawater element input and the accumulation rate of terrigenous detrital material.
    Abstract: Résumé Des dosages d'éléments majeurs et en trace (notamment: Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) ont été effectués dans des sédiments récents provenant des régions à courants ascendants (upwelling) du Golfe de Californie, ainsi que dans des sapropèles de la Mer Noire, dans le but de rechercher les relations entre leur composition chimique, et celles de l'eau de mer et du plancton. Le chimisme des sédiments du Golfe de Californie reflète les processus de régénération qui se déroulent dans la colonne d'eau. En l'occurrence, les éléments (tels le Cd) qui, dans l'eau de mer, sont associés aux nutrients «labiles» (C, N, P) ne passent qu'en faible quantité (〈10%) dans la colonne sédimentaire. L'inverse se présente pour les éléments (Ba, p.ex.) dont le comportement dans l'eau correspond à celui des nutrients «résistants» (Si). Certains métaux en trace, qui existent en proportion relativement élevée dans l'eau de mer (As, Mo, U, V) et qui en même temps sont sensibles au potentiel redox et/ou peuvent former des sulfures stables, sont fixés dans les sédiments au début de la diagenèse. Le comportement diagénétique hatif du Ba est étroitement lié à la réduction du sulfate bactérien. L'auteur discute la formation de concrétions de baryte. Des conditions anoxiques dans la colonne d'eau agissent comme des pièges idéaux pour un certain nombre d'éléments qui sont sensibles au potentiel redox et/ou qui forment des sulfures stables. Un calcul simple du bilan des éléments en trace montre que la composition chimique des sapropèles de la Mer Noire est régie par l'apport des fleuves et de la Méditerrannée ainsi que par le taux d'accumulation des matériaux détritiques terrigènes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An rezenten Sedimentproben des Auftriebsgebietes des Golfs von Kalifornien sowie Sapropelen des Schwarzen Meeres wurden sowohl Hauptelement-, als auch Spurenmetall-Gehalte (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn, u. a.) ermittelt und mit neueren Spurenmetall-Daten von Meerwasser und marinem Plankton in Beziehung gesetzt. Im Chemismus der Sedimente des Golfs von Kalifornien spiegeln sich die in der Wassersäule ablaufenden Regenerationsprozesse wider. Elemente (z. B. Cd), die sich im Meerwasser wie die »labilen« Nährstoffe (C, N, P) verhalten, gelangen nur in geringem Ausmaß (〈10%) in die Sedimentsäule, im Vergleich zu solchen Elementen (z. B. Ba), deren Verhalten im Meerwasser eher dem von »resistenteren« Nährstoff-Elementen (Si) entspricht. Eine Reihe von Spurenmetallen, die vergleichsweise hohe Konzentrationen im Meerwasser aufweisen (As, Mo, U, V) und redox-sensibel sind und/oder stabile Sulfide zu bilden vermögen, werden frühdiagenetisch im Sediment fixiert. Das frühdiagenetische Verhalten von Ba ist eng mit der bakteriellen Sulfat-Reduktion verknüpft. Die Bildung von Baryt-Konretionen wird diskutiert. Anoxische Bedingungen in der Wassersäule wirken als ideale »Fallen« für viele redox-sensible und/oder stabile Sulfide bildende Elemente. Mit Hilfe von Element-Bilanzen kann nachgewiesen werden, daß der Chemismus der Sapropele des Schwarzen Meeres von der Element-Zufuhr durch Fluß- und Mittelmeerwasser sowie die Sedimentationsrate gesteuert wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Concentration depth profiles ; weathering reactions ; acidification ; cation exchange ; aluminium solubility ; aluminium sulphate minerals ; distribution of trace metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents data on the chemical composition of soil pore fluids that have been obtained by a high-pressure squeezing technique and lysimeter sampling. Cation-exchange capacity has been calculated from cations extracted by a simple percolation method. All pore water concentrations are greatly influenced by the pH in solution. Most pore water concentrations do not simply parallel the corresponding mineralogical and chemical composition of the solids. The depth of the acidification front, as determined by analysis of samples obtained by percolation, is much better reflected in the chemical composition of the squeezed soil pore fluids than in the lysimeter samples. Distinct gradients are seen in Al concentration. In the B-horizons, concentrations of Al are close to the solubility of gibbsite. The pore water concentration profiles of Si and K apparently indicate dissolution of K-silicates, in particular K-feldspar. Contrary to the squeezed pore solutions the sulphate maximum concentration in the soil profile is not recorded by lysimeter samples. Mineral saturation indices show that pore solutions by squeezing are close to the saturation concentrations for K-jarosite and K-alunite. Sulphur-rich phases from the soil are compatible with mixtures of alunite jarosite, zaherite, basaluminite, and hydrobasaluminite. In the upper soil horizons the liquid/solid ratios [calculated as: concentration in solution (µg/ml) * solution fraction in solids (ml/g)/concentration in solids (µg/g)] increase in the order Ph 〈 OC ≈ Zn 〈 Cd and range from 10−6 to 10−3, indicating that Ph is most strongly held and still accumulates in the organic top soil. In the underlying deeper mineral horizons the ratios for Pb, Zn, and Cd decrease by one order of magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: low contamination risk ; water-mineral interactions ; pore-water chemistry ; sequential squeezing ; concentration depthprofiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A new plastic-lined high-pressure squeezing device has been developed for the extraction of soil pore solutions. At a maximum pressure of 1100 kg cm-2 the water recovery ranged between 30 and 55% of the total water content. Pressure dependent squeezing experiments showed a general increase in Si, Mn, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Al, Fe, Cd, and Zn concentrations with progressive pore water extraction and increasing pressure, indicating that micro pore solutes have the highest concentrations of solutes. Soil samples with moisture contents of more than about 15% generally provided enough water for major and trace element analyses. The data do not reveal any contamination of the pore fluids from the squeezing device. An advantage of this method is that the solution could be closely related to a specific soil horizon on a cm scale and also to the time of sampling. A further application of this squeezing method is the possibility of pressure dependent sequential squeezing to obtain fluids from different pore spaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: low contamination risk ; water-mineral interactions ; pore-water chemistry ; sequential squeezing ; concentration depth profiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A new plastic-lined high-pressure squeezing device has been developed for the extraction of soil pore solutions. At a maximum pressure of 1100 kg cm−2 the water recovery ranged between 30 and 55% of the total water content. Pressure dependent squeezing experiments showed a general increase in Si, Mn, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Al, Fe, Cd, and Zn concentrations with progressive pore water extraction and increasing pressure, indicating that micro pore solutes have the highest concentrations of solutes. Soil samples with moisture contents of more than about 15% generally provided enough water for major and trace element analyses. The data do not reveal any contamination of the pore fluids from the squeezing device. An advantage of this method is that the solution could be closely related to a specific soil horizon on a cm scale and also to the time of sampling. A further application of this squeezing method is the possibility of pressure dependent sequential squeezing to obtain fluids from different pore spaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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