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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the HNF4α gene in Caucasian Type II diabetic nephropathic patients (2000)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 43 (2000), S. 364-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Hepatocyte nuclear factor, Type II diabetes, transcription factors, gene expression, promoter.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. Linkage and association studies in Caucasian patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus suggest that one or more diabetes susceptibility gene(s) reside within human chromosome 20q12–13.1. This region of chromosome 20 contains the maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 1 gene, HNF4 α. The purpose of this study was to assess the possible involvement of HNF4 α in Type II diabetes.¶Methods. Mutation analysis was done on the 12 exons and promoter regions of the HNF4 α gene in 182 Caucasian diabetic nephropathic patients and 100 Caucasian control subjects. The functional consequences of a novel promoter mutation were examined using a reporter system in the HepG2 liver cell line and electrophoretic mobility shift assays.¶Results. We identified two novel mutations in the HNF4α, an R323H missense mutation in exon 8, and a 7 bp deletion (Δ7) in the proximal promoter region resulting in deletion of a single putative Sp1 binding site. Using a reporter assay system, the Δ7 sequence was found to exhibit a 51.2 % (standard error ± 4.2 %) reduction in promoter activity relative to the normal sequence. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays using specific and non-specific competitors, the Δ7 sequence had a 45.5 % (range 40.4–46.6) reduction in binding compared with the normal sequence. The Δ7 allele occurs in a family with multiple cases of Type II diabetes in a pattern consistent with coinheritance of the Δ7 allele and diabetes.¶Conclusion/interpretation. Analysis of the HNF4 α gene revealed two possible mutations in 182 diabetic patients which suggests that the HNF4 α gene does not make a large contribution to diabetes susceptibility in the general population of Caucasian diabetic nephropathic patients. Functional analysis of the Δ7 promoter deletion suggests, however, that promoter mutations in otherwise normal genes could contribute to diabetes susceptibility. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 364–372]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050055
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replication complexes associated with the morphogenesis of rubella virus (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 122 (1992), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thin section electron microscopy was used to investigate cellular changes associated with the replication of rubella virus (RV) in Vero cells and to compare these changes to those of the related alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Conspicuous membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuoles analogous to the alphavirus replication complexes were observed in RV infected cells but not in mock infected cells. The vacuoles were characterised by membrane-bound vesicles measuring about 60 nm which often displayed an irregular dense core and/or a network of fibres. These vesicles were morphologically distinct from RV particles and were generally located at regular intervals on the inner side of the surrounding membrane of the RV replication complex. Degenerating cellular material was often found in the membrane-bound vacuole of a replication complex. The replication complexes were intimately associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which was localised 45–75 nm from the surrounding membrane of the replication complex. Parallel studies of replication complexes in SFV infected cells did not reveal such an intimate association with the RER. RV replication complexes appeared as early as 8 h post infection (p.i.), before detection of RV particles by electron microscopy, and their peak production at 24 h p.i. coincided with the time of maximum virus titre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01321120
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution by immunofluorescence of viral products and actin-containing cytoskeletal filaments in rubella virus-infected cells (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 92 (1987), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rubella virus (RV)-host cell interactions were examined by indirect immunofluorescence staining using antibodies to viral products and cytoskeletal components as probes. The patterns of immunofluorescence observed with human convalescent sera indicated that in infected Vero cells RV-specified proteins were distributed throughout the rough endoplasmic reticulum with some possible accumulation in the region of the Golgi complex. Viral RNA synthesis, detected with anti-double stranded RNA, appeared to be confined to small, intensely stained foci irregularly distributed in the cytoplasm. When cells were infected at a higher multiplicity, these foci appeared to aggregate into linear arrays. Infection with RV had a profound effect on the organization of actin in both Vero and BHK 21 cells, as shown by anti-actin antibodies. Actin microfilaments were observed to disintegrate progressively into amorphous aggregates of apparently monomeric actin as the infection proceeded. Because of the role actin microfilaments may play in cell mitosis it is postulated that this effect may be related to the inhibition of cell division reported to be associated with the congenital rubella syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01317478
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood-borne virus infections among Australian injecting drug users: Implications for spread of HIV (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 687-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Australia ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis C virus ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Injecting drug users
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To describe the epidemiology of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Australia, in relation to the potential for further spread of HIV in IDUs, a cross-sectional analysis was performed on data from a sample of injecting drug users, correlating markers of exposure to blood-borne viruses with sex, age, sexual orientation, primary current drug injected and duration of injecting in rural and metropolitan Victoria, Australia. The subjects were currently active IDUs from a wide spectrum of age, sex, sexual orientation, geographical location and social background, contacted and recruited through their social networks and from community agencies and prisons by trained peer workers who interviewed and collected blood from them in the field. Sera were tested for antibody to HIV, HCV and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and for HCV RNA using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At entry to the study, 4.5% (14/311) had antibody to HIV, 47% (146/308) to HBcAg and 68% (206/303) to HCV. Prevalence of HBsAg was 1.8% overall (5/282), and 50% (84/168) were positive for HCV RNA. By multivariate analysis, HIV seropositivity was strongly associated with a history of homosexual contact in males and with exposure to HBV but not to HCV. Those who reported their current primary injected drug to be amphetamines were at greater and continuing risk of HIV infection than were current heroin injectors, while the reverse applied for HCV. The different patterns of exposure to different blood-borne viruses in this particular population of IDUs probably reflects different interactions among different social networks. HCV exposure provides a good surrogate marker for risk behaviour among these IDUs, but HBV exposure provides a better marker for risk of HIV infection. More detailed surveillance strategies for HIV infection, and more targeted HIV prevention programs are necessary to detect and to prevent further spread of HIV in these populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719282
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Henry's Law Constants of the Haloacetic Acids (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 29 (1998), S. 85-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Henry's law ; solubility ; aerosol ; fluoroacetic acid ; chloroacetic acid ; bromoacetic acid ; difluoroacetic acid ; dichloroacetic acid ; dibromoacetic acid ; trifluoroacetic acid ; trichloroacetic acid ; tribromoacetic acid ; chloro-difluoroacetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Henry's law constants K′H (mol kg-1 atm-1) have been measured between 278.15 K and 308.15 K for the following organic acids: CH2FCOOH (ln(K′H[298.15 K]) = 11.3 ± 0.2), CH2ClCOOH (11.59 ± 0.14), CH2BrCOOH (11.94 ± 0.21), CHF2COOH (10.32 ± 0.10), CHCl2COOH (11.69 ± 0.11), CHBr2COOH (12.33 ± 0.29), CBr3COOH (12.61 ± 0.21), and CClF2COOH (10.11 ± 0.12). The variation of K′H with temperature was determined for all acids except CH2FCOOH and CBr3COOH, with Δr H° for the dissolution reaction ranging from −85.2 ± 2.6 to −57.1 ± 2.5 kJ mol-1, meaning that their solubility is generally more sensitive to temperature than is the case for the simple carboxylic acids. The Henry's law constants show consistent trends with halogen substitution and, together with their high solubility compared to the parent (acetic) acid (ln(K′H[298.15 K]) = 8.61), present a severe test of current predictive models based upon molecular structure. The solubility of haloacetic acids and strong dissociation at normal pH mean that they will partition almost entirely into cloud and fog in the atmosphere (0.05–1.0 g H2O m-3), but can reside in both phases for the liquid water contents typical of aerosols (10-5-10-4 g H2O m-3).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005899813756
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AIix emission line ratios in solar flares observed with the S082A spectrograph on board Skylab (1994)
    Springer
    Solar physics 149 (1994), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical electron-density-sensitive emission line ratios in B-like AIix are presented forR =I(385.01 Å)/I(392.42 Å). A comparison of these with high spectral resolution solar flare data, obtained with the S082A slitless spectrograph on boardSkylab, reveals agreement between theory and observation for those spectra that were observed during the later stages of the flares. These results provide experimental support for the accuracy of the line-ratio calculations, and also resolves discrepancies found previously when the theoretical results were compared with solar observations from the S-055 instrument on boardSkylab. However, the agreement between theory and observation for a spectrum obtained during the early stages of a flare is very poor, which probably indicates that the 392.42 Å line is blended with a transition arising from a species formed at a very high electron temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645184
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