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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1997), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Pillar failure ; Void migration ; Burning coal seams ; Spoil heaps ; Acid mine drainage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Mining in the Witbank Coalfield commenced at the turn of the century. Initially there was little environmental degradation associated with mining activities; however, in the late 1930s and early 1940s a pillar-robbing programme commenced. At one particular mine this has had marked effects on the environment. Primary effects include subsidence, the appearance of tension cracks at the surface and crownhole development. Secondary effects include spontaneous combustion of the coal worked, as air has been provided with ready access to the mine, accelerated subsidence due to the strength of many pillars being reduced by burning, and a marked deterioration in groundwater quality in the area. Spoil heaps also form blemishes on the landscape. These contain significant amounts of coal and have undergone spontaneous combustion. The deterioration in the water quality has led to the decimation of vegetation in some areas and the eradication of aquatic flora and fauna in a nearby stream.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 32 (1997), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Contaminated ground ; Site characterization ; Estuarine sedimentation ; Particle-bound contaminants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Contaminated ground forms a problem in all of the industrialized countries of the world. Contaminated ground may give rise to hazards and that implies a degree of risk which also involves a problem of definition. The investigation of a site which is suspected of being contaminated differs somewhat from a routine site investigation. Sampling of soil, groundwater and gas-producing material may be required. Various precautions may be necessary to do this and personnel may have to wear protective clothing. The first case history considered involves a site investigation for a relief sewer in Glasgow. As the site investigation progressed it ran into made-ground which contained chemical waste. The presence of this waste meant that the nature of the investigation changed and much more stringent safety precautions had to be taken. It also meant that the initial location of the sewer tunnel had to be repositioned at greater depth in uncontaminated sandstone rather than in the superficial deposits above. The other case history considers the contamination of sediments in the Forth Estuary. When trace metals are released into the water column they can be transferred rapidly to the sediment phase by adsorption onto suspended particulate matter, followed by sedimentation. Intertidal flats may be considered as important trace metal sinks since they accumulate large amounts of suspended matter. Hence, in polluted estuaries the deposition of suspended particles on intertidal flats may thus cause severe contamination. The Forth Estuary has unique contamination for British estuaries; it is experiencing significant Hg pollution. In addition, due to the presence of a nuclear submarine base in the Forth Estuary, 60Co is detectable in the intertidal sediments. Temporal and spatial contamination patterns were analysed in relation to historical and present pollution point sources. The effect of fluvial and marine sediment mixing on trace metals and other processes controlling contaminant levels is reviewed. Preliminary results on quantifying sediment accretion rates using Caesium levels are discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1029-1038 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Landslides ; Colluvial soils ; Critical precipitation coefficient ; Excess groundwater ; Artesian conditions ; Liquefaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the last 25 years, many of the landslides that have occurred in the greater Durban region have been associated with the colluvial soils overlying the Natal Group, most of which occurred during the very heavy rains of September 1987. Subsequently, a very heavy rainfall event in February 1999 also gave rise to landslides. In fact, prior to 1987 these colluvial soils were considered relatively stable. A critical precipitation coefficient has been developed which included the cumulative precipitation up to a landslide event. In addition, an attempt has been made to establish a threshold value for triggering of landslides for the colluvial soils from a study of pluviometric data. The results indicate that when a rainfall event exceeds 12% of the mean annual rainfall, small-scale landslides are likely to occur. When a rainfall event is greater than 16% of the mean annual rainfall, a moderate number of landslides take place. Major landslides are associated with rainfall events with intensities in excess of 20% of the mean annual precipitation. An example of a landslide which occurred on the Natal Group due to construction operations is provided, as well as an account of those which took place during September 1987. In the latter case, most of the slides took the form of mudflows and were responsible for some of the worst damage which has occurred in the Durban region. The colluvial soils involved were relatively thin and therefore became quickly saturated by the heavy rainfall. In some places the situation was further aggravated by liquefaction of the soils.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 21 (1993), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Weathering processes ; Salt crystallization ; Acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Carbonate rocks have been extensively used as building stones because of their availability, workability, and attractiveness. Unfortunately, however, some stones suffer from chemical attack or freeze-thaw activity. The environmental affects, especially those due to pollution of the atmosphere, are discussed in terms of weathering processes, salt crystallization, and acid deposition. A review of some recent research in relation to deterioration of stone in urban environments is given and carbonate rocks are classified in relation to position within a building, geographical location, and degree of pollution. Some comments on stone preservation are provided, especially in terms of the properties a preservative should possess.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 16 (1990), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Interest in the preservation of rapidly decaying monuments, especially in urban areas, has increased appreciably over the last three decades. A stone preservative can be defined as a chemical treatment, which, when applied to stone, combats the harmful effects of time and environment, thereby prolonging the life of a stone by either restoring its physical integrity or by inhibiting its decay. Any preservative applied to stone must not change the natural appearance or architectural value of the stone to any appreciable extent. There are two principal means by which stone can be preserved. One involves the formation of an outer stabilized zone around the stone; the other alters the chemical composition of the stone. A number of examples of stone preservation carried out on ancient monuments in the United Kingdom are taken to illustrate stone preservation methods. Their relative success is evaluated, and some more recent developments in stone preservation referred to.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 925-936 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Yield ; Recharge ; Quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 234-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Acid mine drainage ; Backfilled opencast workings ; Hydrogeological analysis ; Pollution control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Several mines in the Witbank coalfield in South Africa are affected by acid mine drainage. This has led to a deterioration in the water quality in many surface streams. The Loubert Mine is one such mine. Hence, an initial investigation was carried out to determine the source of acid mine drainage pollution and the associated hydrogeological conditions. The investigation showed that most of the acid mine drainage is emanating from old opencast workings which have been backfilled. Most of the water from the backfilled area drains into control reservoirs. Unfortunately their capacity is limited, which means that water overspills and seeps from them. This water finds its way into a nearby stream, the water of which accordingly has an unacceptably low pH value and high sulphate content. The proposals advanced to control the problem basically involve inhibiting the amount of water infiltrating the backfilled opencast area on the one hand and reducing the amount of water entering the control reservoirs on the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 40 (2000), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords Contamination ; Dereliction ; Desk studies ; Foundation remnants ; Rehabilitation ; Site investigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Contaminated and possibly hazardous ground represents a problem in all of the industrialized countries of the world. The investigation of a site that is suspected of being contaminated differs somewhat from a routine site investigation. Sampling of soils, groundwater and gas-producing material may be required. Various precautions may be necessary in doing this and operatives may have to wear protective clothing. Four case histories have been chosen to illustrate different aspects of the rehabilitation of abandoned contaminated land, namely, investigation, assessment, ground treatment and redevelopment. The first comes from Leeds in West Yorkshire, England, and outlines how a site investigation was undertaken and the nature of the contamination present, together with a note on the suggested redevelopment. The remaining three case histories are taken from the heavily industrialized district of the Ruhr in Germany, where extensive mining of coal and associated industries were developed from the mid-19th century onwards. The first considers the site of the former Graf Moltke mine near Essen. In this instance, the somewhat novel methods of data assessment and ground treatment are dealt with. The Mont Cenis site at Herne-Sodingen is one of the more notable old mining/industrial sites undergoing redevelopment in the state of North Rhine Westphalia. Hence, the case history concentrates of this aspect of rehabilitation. This involves not only the construction of new and interesting structures but an attempt to reduce energy consumption in an attempt to effect the concept of sustainable development of an urban area. The last example deals with the abandoned site of the Minister Achenbach mine at Lünen, where the ground conditions were further complicated by the presence of old bomb craters that had been filled with a variety of materials. In addition, because of the suspected presence of former foundation structures in the ground an electromagnetic survey was carried out across part of the site, the areas of high conductivity suggesting their presence.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 40 (2000), S. 135-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords Abandoned mines ; Brine pumping ; Longwall mining ; Pillar failure ; Void migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The impact of mining subsidence on the environment can occasionally be very catastrophic, destroying property and even leading to the loss of life. Usually, however, such subsidence gives rise to varying degrees of structural damage that can range from slight to very severe. Different types of mineral deposits have been mined in different ways and this determines the nature of the associated subsidence. Some mining methods result in contemporaneous subsidence whereas, with others, subsidence may occur long after the mine workings have been abandoned. In the latter instance, it is more or less impossible to predict the effects or timing of subsidence. A number of different mineral deposits have been chosen to illustrate the different types of associated subsidence that result and the problems that arise. The examples provided are gold mining in the Johannesburg area; bord and pillar mining of coal in the Witbank Coalfield, South Africa; longwall mining of coal in the Ruhr district; mining of chalk and limestone in Suffolk and the West Midlands, respectively; and solution mining of salt in Cheshire. These mineral deposits have often been worked for more than 100 years and, therefore, a major problem results from abandoned mines, especially those at shallow depth, the presence of which is unrecorded. Abandoned mines at shallow depth can represent a serious problem in areas that are being developed or redeveloped. Abstraction of natural brine has given rise to subsidence with its own particular problems and cannot be predicted. Although such abstraction is now inconsequential in Cheshire, dereliction associated with past subsidence still remains.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 59 (2000), S. 173-185 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Keywords Reclamation ; Coal mines ; Derelict sites ; Mineral workings ; Yorkshire ; Ruhr ; Mots clés Remise en état ; Mines de charbon ; Sites abandonnés ; Travaux miniers ; Yorkshire ; Ruhr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les sites abandonnés constituent une ressource gaspillée et présentent un effet dégradant sur les régions avoisinantes. C'est pourquoi leur restauration est hautement souhaitable. Quatre études de cas concernant différents aspects de l'abandon et de la restauration sont présentées. Le premier exemple se rapporte à deux vieux terrils du sud du Yorkshire (Angleterre), qui furent restaurés, une partie du site étant aménagé pour une boulangerie tandis que le reste était transformé en espace naturel. De tels travaux de restauration conduisent à des mouvements de terres à grande échelle pour obtenir de nouvelles formes topographiques. Après terrassement des matériaux, installation de drainages et labour, les produits de terril ont été traités à la chaux et recouverts d'un sol. Des engrais ont été répandus avant ensemencement et plantation. L'exemple suivant est relatif à une exploitation abandonnée de sables et graviers de l'ouest du Yorkshire qui fut transformée en une marina. Les anciennes exploitations furent submergées et divisées par deux digues en trois grands bassins. Les terrassements permirent de former un lac avec des îles. Quelques travaux d'extraction et de remblaiement furent nécessaires pour l'aménagement des rives du lac. Le lac fut reliéà un canal voisin et un traitement paysager du site fut réalisé. Les deux autres exemples concernent la région fortement industrialisée de la Ruhr, en Allemagne. Les deux sites correspondant à d'anciennes exploitations de charbon et industries associées étaient contaminés et comportaient des ouvrages aux lourdes fondations. Les études de site et les travaux de réhabilitation de ces deux régions sont décrits.
    Notes: Abstract  Derelict land is a wasted resource and has a blighting effect on the surrounding area hence its restoration is highly desirable. Four case histories involving different aspects of dereliction and restoration are outlined. The first example considers two old colliery spoil heaps in South Yorkshire, England, which were restored, part of the site being developed for a bakery whilst the rest became a parkland. Such restoration work is essentially a large-scale exercise in earthmoving in order to achieve an acceptable contoured landform. After regrading, installation of drainage and harrowing, the spoil was treated with lime and covered with soil. Fertilizers were applied prior to seeding and planting. The next example describes an abandoned sand and gravel pit in West Yorkshire which was converted to a marina. The old workings were flooded and were separated by two berms into three large ponds. The berms were moved to form a lake with islands. Some regrading of the sides of the lake was necessary which involved cut- and -fill. Access was provided from the lake to an adjacent canal and the site was landscaped. The two remaining examples are from the heavily industrialized district of the Ruhr in Germany. Both were sites of former coal mining and associated industries and were contaminated as well as having old heavy foundation structures in the ground. The site investigations and rehabilitation of both areas are described.
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