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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic hypothermia following spinal cord compression injury in the rat: an immunohistochemical study on MAP 2 with special reference to dendrite changes (2000)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 100 (2000), S. 546-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Hypothermia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) ; Rat ; Spinal cord injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Systemic hypothermia has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemic CNS models caused by vascular occlusions. The present study addresses the question as to whether systemic hypothermia has similar neuroprotective qualities following severe spinal cord compression trauma using microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunohistochemistry combined with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method as marker to identify neuronal and dendritic lesions. Fifteen rats were randomized into three equally sized groups. One group sustained thoracic laminectomy, the others severe spinal cord compression trauma of the T8-9 segment. The control group contained laminectomized animals submitted to a hypothermic procedure in which the esophageal temperature was reduced from 38 °C to 30 °C. The two trauma groups were either submitted to the same hypothermic procedure or kept normothermic during the corresponding time. All animals were sacrificed 24 h following the surgical procedure. The MAP2 immunostaining in the normothermic trauma group indicated marked reductions in MAP2 antigen in the cranial and caudal peri-injury zones (T7 and T10, respectively). This reduction was much less pronounced in the hypothermic trauma group. In fact, the MAP2 antigen was present in almost equally sized areas in both the hypothermic groups independent of previous laminectomy alone or the addition of trauma. Our study thus indicates that hypothermia has a neuroprotective effect on dendrites of rat spinal cords subjected to compression trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010000206
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes in chick cerebellum induced by vitamin E deficiency (1973)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nutritional Encephalopathy ; Brain Edema ; Vitamin E Deficiency ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Focal lesions were induced in the cerebellum by feeding chickens a diet high in unsaturated fats and deficient in vitamin E. Ultrastructurally, the lesions consisted of central and peripheral zones. The central zone was characterized in the cortex and white matter by enlargement of the intercellular space, swelling of astrocytes, vacuolization of oligodendrocytes, ballooning of nerve fibers, degenerative changes in small blood vessels, and extravasation of plasma and blood cells. The peripheral zone was characterized by enlargement of the intercellular space in the white matter, swelling of astrocytes in the cortex, and the accumulation of dark bodies in the endothelium of small blood vessels. The results suggest that this nutritional encephalopathy is caused by alterations in the permeability of the vascular bed due to the dietary stress of unsaturated fatty acids in the absence of vitamin E.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687559
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of degenerative joint disease on spinal bone mineral measurements in postmenopausal women (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 57 (1995), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Quantitative computed tomography ; Dual X-ray absorptiometry ; Degenerative joint disease ; Osteoporosis ; Bone mineral density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We assessed the impact of various forms of spinal degenerative joint disease (DJD) on bone mineral density (BMD) measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a group of postmenopausal women. Lateral (T4-L4) and AP (L1-L4) spinal radiographs were reviewed for fracture and DJD in 209 women (mean age 62.6±6.7). The severity of DJD findings was graded as 0,1, or 2 on the lumbar films, except for vertebral osteophytes which were graded from 0 to 3. Vertebral fractures were defined semiquantitatively as approximately 20% reduction in anterior, middle, or posterior vertebral height. BMD was measured in all subjects by QCT and DXA, including posteroanterior DXA (PA-DXA), lateral DXA (L-DXA) and midlateral DXA (mL-DXA). When BMD was measured by QCT and mL-DXA in the 168 women without fractures, no significant differences were found between women with and those without DJD. However, BMD by PA-DXA was significantly higher in women with DJD changes, particularly when osteophytes were present at the vertebral bodies or facet joints. BMD by L-DXA was less affecied by DJD. For this measurement a significant increase in BMD was only noted in subjects with vertebral osteophytes. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that BMD by QCT and mL-DXA was not affected by DJD. In contrast, for all women, BMD by PA-and L-DXA was affected more by DJD than by fracture status. Chi-square testing demonstrated no significant relationships between vertebral fractures and any of the DJD changes. We conclude that QCT and mL-DXA are superior to PA-DXA and L-DXA in detecting bone loss in patients with DJD. Thus, for these patients, BMD assessment by QCT or mL-DXA may be advisable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310253
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comprehensive correlations for laminar mixed convection on vertical and horizontal flat plates (1990)
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 25 (1990), S. 353-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschreibt umfassende Berechnungsgleichungen der lokalen Nusseltzahlen und Oberflächen-schubspannungen für laminare Zwangskonvektion, freie Konvektion und Mischkonvektion an vertikalen und horizontalen ebenen Platten, welche mit gleichmäßiger Wandtemperatur oder gleichmäßigem Oberflächen-Wärmestrom aufrecht erhalten werden. Die Berechnungen für reine Zwangskonvektion und reine Konvektion sind für jede Prandtlzahl zwischen 0,001 und unendlich sehr genau. Für die acht Fälle mit den beiden Platten, bei unterschiedlichen thermischen Randbedingungen und auftriebsunterstützter sowie entgegengesetzter Strömungsrichtung, stimmen die Berechnungen für die Mischkonvektion sehr gut mit den numerischen Ergebnissen für den gesamten Bereich der Mischkonvektion und der Prandtl-Zahlen überein.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents comprehensive correlation equations of the local Nusselt numbers and surface shear stresses for laminar forced convection, natural convection, and mixed convection on vertical and horizontal flat plates which are maintained with uniform wall temperature or uniform surface heat flux. The correlation for pure forced convection and pure natural convection are very accurate for any Prandtl number between 0.001 and infinity. The correlations for mixed convection coincide very well with the numerical results over the entire regimes of mixed convection intensity and Prandtl number for the eight cases of the two plates with distinct thermal boundary conditions and buoyancy-assisting and-opposing flow conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01811559
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that spinal endogenous opioidergic systems control the expression of chronic pain-related behaviors in spinally injured rats (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 118 (1998), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Central pain ; Endogenous opioids ; Naloxone ; Neuropathic pain ; Spinal cord ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have previously reported that ischemic spinal cord injury in rats leads to chronic pain-related behaviors. Thus, rats exhibited aversive reactions to innocuous mechanical stimuli (mechanical allodynia) applied to a body area at or rostral to the dermatomes innervated by the injured spinal segments. The responses of the rats to cold are also markedly enhanced (cold allodynia). Interestingly, more than 50% of spinally injured rats did not develop these abnormal pain-related behaviors after spinal cord injury. In the present study, we showed that the extent of injury is similar between allodynic and nonallodynic rats. Furthermore, intrathecal (i.t.) naloxone, a broad-spectrum opioid receptor antagonist, reversibly provoked mechanical and cold allodynia-like responses in spinally injured rats that did not develop such behaviors spontaneously. However, naloxone did not elicit such reactions in normal rats and did not alter the tail-flick latency in normal or spinally injured rats. Furthermore, i.t. d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) or naltridole, selective antagonists of μ and δ opioid receptors, respectively, also triggered pain-related behaviors similarly to naloxone. Although norbinaltorphimine (nor-BIN), a selective κ-receptor antagonist, also elicited such responses, the time course of the effect makes it unlikely that spinal κ-receptors were involved. These results suggested that the expression of abnormal pain-related behaviors in some spinally injured rats is tonically suppressed by the spinal opioidergic system. Interindividual differences that lead to lack or dysfunction of such inhibition may underly the appearence of pain-related behavior in some, but not all, spinally injured rats. It is suggested that such inhibition is exerted through spinal μ and δ, but not κ, opioid receptors. The endogenous opioidergic control appears to be only active against abnormal pain-related behaviors in spinally injured rats. Our results are relevant for the clinical observation that only a subgroup of patients with nerve injury suffers from neuropathic pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050280
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free convection on an arbitrarily inclined plate with uniform surface heat flux (1989)
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 24 (1989), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Berechnung von freier Konvektion von Fluiden mit beliebiger Prandtl-Zahl an einer geneigten Platte mit einheitlicher Wärmestromdichte an der Oberfläche werden ein zweckmäßiger Neigungsparameter und Transformationsvariablen eingeführt. Sehr genaue numerische Ergebnisse und eine einfache Korrelationsgleichung wurden für beliebige Neigungen zwischen der Horizontalen und der Vertikalen und für 0.001≤Pr≤∞ erhalten. Die größte Abweichung zwischen Korrelations- und berechneten Daten liegt bei weniger als 1.2%.
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposed a proper inclination parameter and transformation variables for the analysis of free convection from an inclined plate with uniform surface heat flux to fluids of any Prandtl number. Very accurate numerical results and a simple correlation equation are obtained for arbitrary inclination from the horizontal to the vertical and for 0.001 ≤Pr≤∞. Maximum deviation between the correlated and calculated data is less than 1.2%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01590018
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixed convection from a horizontal plate to fluids of any Prandtl number (1989)
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 24 (1989), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde laminare Mischkonvektion an einer horizontalen Platte mit einheitlicher Wandtemperatur oder einheitlicher Wandwärmestromdichte bei Einführung zweckmäßiger Auftriebsparameter und Transformationsvariablen für Fluide mit beliebiger Prandtl-Zahl zwischen 0,001 und 10 000 untersucht. Es wurden die Fälle der Strömung entgegen und in Richtung der Auftriebskraft untersucht. Für den Fall der Strömung in Richtung der Auftriebskraft wurden sehr genaue numerische Ergebnisse für den gesamten Bereich der gemischten Konvektion von rein erzwungener Konvektion bis zu rein freier Konvektion erhalten. Für den Fall der Strömung entgegen der Auftriebsrichtung wurden Lösungen für erzwungene Konvektion bis zum Umkehrpunkt erhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Laminar mixed convection over a horizontal plate with uniform wall temperature or uniform wall heat flux is analyzed by introducing proper buoyancy parameters and transformation variables for fluids of any Prandtl number between 0.001 and 10,000. Both cases of buoyancy assisting and opposing flow conditions are investigated. For the buoyancy-assisting case, the obtained numerical results are very accurate over the entire range of mixed convection intensity from pure forced convection limit to pure free convection limit. For the buoyancy-opposing case, solutions are obtained from the forced convection limit to the point of breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01625498
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sucrose utilization during potato microtuber growth in bioreactors (2000)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 19 (2000), S. 407-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Solanum tuberosum L. ; In vitro tuberization ; Micropropagation ; Invertase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Potato microtubers are used as pathogen-tested in vitro stocks for certified seed potato production. Microtubers grown in a rotating bioreactor grew at a faster rate when the medium was replaced frequently. Although the total microtuber number was not affected, the number of microtubers over 1 g quadrupled when 75% of the medium was replaced every 2 weeks when compared with no medium refreshment. Significantly slower microtuber growth rates resulted when a lower sugar concentration (40 g 1−1 instead of 80 g 1−1) was used or when a mixture of glucose and fructose replaced sucrose. Although high sucrose levels are necessary for optimal microtuber production, the sucrose supplied was rapidly hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose, making the long-term maintenance of desirable sucrose levels difficult. These results indicate that successful strategies to reduce sucrose hydrolysis without inhibiting microtuber growth will improve the efficiency of sucrose utilization in potato microtuber bioreactors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050748
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free convection from a vertical plate with concentrated and distributed thermal sources (1988)
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 22 (1988), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die freie Konvektion an einer vertikalen Platte mit einer gleichmäßig verteilten Wandwärmestromdichte und einer in der Vorderkante eingebetteten linienförmigen Wärmequelle wird eine Berechnungsmethode entwickelt. Zur Beschreibung der relativen Stärke der beiden Wärmequellen führen wir einen Parameterξ=(1 + QL/Qw)−1=(1 + RaL/Raw)−1 ein und schlagen einen vereinheitlichten Auftriebsparameterλ=(σ Ra L+σ Ra w)1/5 mitσ=1/(1 +Pr −1 für die Skalierung der abhängigen und unabhängigen Variablen vor. Die Variablen werden so definiert, daß mit den sich ergebenden unabhängigen Grenzschichtgleichungen die von den beiden Wärmequellen beliebiger Stärke verursachte Auftriebsströmung von Fluiden beliebiger Prandtl-Zahl genau beschrieben werden kann. Diese unabhängigen Gleichungen können ohne weiteres auf die selbstähnlichen Gleichungen für den Fall einer lokalen Wärmezufuhr an einer sonst adiabatischen Wand fürξ=0 und jenen der freien konvektion an einer Platte mit einheitlichem Wärmestrom fürξ=1 zurückgeführt werden. Für Fluide mit der Prandtl-Zahl zwischen 0,001 und Unendlich werden nach der strengen finite Differenzen-Methode Lösungen im Bereich vonξ zwischen 0 und 1 erhalten. Der jeweilige Einfluß der relativen Quellenstärke und der Prandtl-Zahl auf die Geschwindigkeits- und Temperaturprofile sowie die Veränderung der Wandtemperatur werden deutlich dargestellt.
    Notes: Abstract An analysis is developed for the laminar free convection from a vertical plate with uniformly distributed wall heat flux and a concentrated line thermal source embedded at the leading edge. We introduce a parameterξ=(1 +Q L/Qw)−1=(1 + RaL/Raw)−1 to describe the relative strength of the two thermal sources; and propose a unified buoyancy parameterλ=(σ RaL+σ Raw)1/5 withσ=1/(1 +Pr −1) to properly scale the dependent and independent variables. The variables are so defined that the resulting nonsimilar boundary-layer equations can describe exactly the buoyancy-induced flow from the dual sources with any relative strength to fluids of any Prandtl number from very small values to infinity. These nonsimilar equations are readily reducible to the self-similar equations of an adiabatic wall plume forξ=0, and to those of free convection from uniform flux plate forξ=1. Rigorous finite-difference solutions for fluids of Pr from 0.001 to ∞ are obtained over the entire range ofξ from 0 to 1. The effects of both relative source strength and Prandtl number on the velocity profiles, temperature profiles, and the variations of wall temperature, are clearly illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01377246
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free convection heat transfer from an isothermal plate with arbitrary inclination (1988)
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 23 (1988), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfasssung Diese Untersuchung stellt eine neue Formulierung der laminaren freien Konvektion von Flüssigkeiten mit einer Prandtl-Zahl zwischen 0,001 und unendlich an einer beliebig schräggestellten isothermen Platte dar. Ein neuer Neigungsparameter ξ wird eingeführt, so daß alle Fälle der horizontalen, geneigten oder vertikalen Platte von einem einzigen Satz transformierter Gleichungen beschrieben werden können. Die unabhängigen Gleichungen für die beiden Fälle der horizontalen and vertikalen Platte wurden fürξ=0 undξ=1 aus den transformierten Gleichungen wieder abgeleitet. Es wurden erwärmte aufwärtsgerichtete Platten mit positiven und negativen Neigungswinkeln untersucht. Eine sehr genaue Gleichung wurde für die lokale Nusselt-Zahl bei beliebigen Neigungswinkeln und für 0,001 ≦Pr ≦∞ entwickelt.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new formulation for the laminar free convection from an arbitrarily inclined isothermal plate to fluids of any Prandtl number between 0.001 and infinity. A novel inclination parameterξ is proposed such that all cases of the horizontal, inclined and vertical plates can be described by a single set of transformed equations. Moreover, the self-similar equations for the limiting cases of the horizontal and vertical plates are recovered from the transformed equations by settingξ=0 andξ=1, respectively. Heated upward-facing plates with positive and negative inclination angles are investigated. A very accurate correlation equation of the local Nusselt number is developed for arbitrary inclination angle and for 0.001 ≦Pr ≦∞.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807322
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