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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pheromone-mediated sexual selection in the mothUtetheisa ornatrix: Olfactory receptor neurons responsive to a male-produced pheromone (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 371-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Utethesia ; male-produced pheromone ; olfactory receptor neurons ; sexual selection ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Male Utetheisa ornatrixhave a pair of eversible glandular brushes (coremata) which are displayed during precopulatory interactions with the female. Earlier studies have shown that a pheromone associated with the coremata, hydroxydanaidal (HD), is derived by the males from pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) that they sequester as larvae from their foodplants (Crotalariaspp.) The PAs impart a “distastefulness” upon Utetheisathat protects both larvae and adults against predation. The receptor neurons specialized for detection of HD are housed in sensilla whose morphological features, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, classify them as sensilla basiconica. The sensitivity and dynamic range of these receptor neurons were largely unaffected by whether the females were raised on an alkaloid-free diet or on a diet supplemented with Crotalariaseeds. Acetylation of the hydroxyl group of HD substantially reduced the activity of the molecule. None of the antennal sensilla examined contained receptor neurons sensitive to a PA (monocrotaline) or its N-oxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068062
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The escape strategy of green lacewings from orb webs (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Chrysopidae ; Araneidae ; lacewings ; spiders ; orb webs ; escape behavior ; prey capture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) fly into spider orb webs, they often simply reverse their flight direction and pull away (Table I). If a lacewing is trapped, it uses a specialized escape behavior. It first cuts away the sticky strands entangling head, feet, and antennae. If an antenna cannot be freed by tugging, it uses an “antenna climb” (Fig. 5A). After its body is free, the lacewing remains suspended by its hair-covered wings, which are held in a characteristic cruciform position (Fig. 5B). Orb web sticky strands adhere poorly to the hairy wings (Fig. 7), so the chrysopid may just wait until the strands slide off and it falls free. If placed in an orb web when the spider is at the web hub and ready to attack, a lacewing usually does not have time to escape (Fig. 1). When the spider is at the hub but eating, the chances of escape improve, and when the spider is away from the hub attacking other prey, nearly all lacewings in our experiment were able to escape. This finding emphasizes the importance of the spider's activity in its capture success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417908
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Göteborg Resolution (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 38-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240584
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defense of a rare mint plant (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 30-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; insect repellent ; endangered species ; terpenes ; trans-pulegol ; Labiatae ; Dicerandra ; Pyralidae ; Pyrausta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analyses of leaf extracts ofDicerandra frutescens, a highly aromatic mint plant from central Florida listed as an endangered species, revealed presence of 12 closely related monoterpenes. The principal of these, (+)—trans-pulegol, is a new natural product, the synthesis of which is described. The terpenes are produced in glandular capsules that release their contents upon injury of the leaf. Data from bioassays with ants and cockroaches indicate that the terpenes serve for defense against insects.Dicerandra does, however, have a leaf-eating enemy, the caterpillar of a pyralid moth,Pyrausta panopealis. The discovery of a new natural product from an endangered species raises questions about the chemical implications of species extinction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240583
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prospecting for nature's chemical riches (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 38-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240585
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemic retention of ingested cantharidin by frogs (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: toxin sequestration ; predation ; human dietary hazard ; cantharidin ; Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta vittata ; Rana ; Hirudo ; Nerodia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frogs(Rana pipiens) fed on blister beetles (Meloidae) or cantharidin, retain cantharidin systemically. After cessation of feeding, they void the compound relatively quickly. Systemic cantharidin does not protect frogs against ectoparasitic feeding by leeches(Hirudo medicinalis) or predation by snakes(Nerodia sipedon). As suggested by our data, and from reports in the early literature, ingestion of cantharidin-containing frogs can pose a health threat to humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325229
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defense of an earwig (Doru taeniatum) (2000)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 10 (2000), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. Defensive glands – discharge mechanism – quinones – hydrocarbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. The earwig Doru taeniatum (Dermaptera, Forficulidae) has a pair of defensive glands, opening on the 4th abdominal tergite, from which it discharges a spray when disturbed. It aims the discharges by revolving the abdomen, a maneuver that enables it simultaneously to use its pincers in defense. The secretion contains two quinones (methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) present in the glands as a crystalline mass, together with pentadecane and a (presumably) aqueous phase. The gland openings are minute, with the result that virtually no quinone crystals are expelled with the spray. Only the two liquid phases are discharged, together with the ca. 1% quinone they carry in solution. Such a solute-economizing discharge mechanism appears to be without parallel among insect defensive glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000490050011
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defense of the mint plant, Teucrium marum (Labiatae) (2000)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 10 (2000), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. Chemical defense – insect repellent – terpenes – dolichodial – teucrein – Labiatae –Teucrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. The mint plant, Teucrium marum (family Labiatae), sometimes called cat thyme, contains two methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes, dolichodial and teucrein. The former compound is potently anti-insectan. It is repellent to ants (Monomorium pharaonis) and induces preening reflexes in flies (Phormia regina) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). Evidence is presented suggesting that dolichodial, which is presumed to be the plant's chief defensive agent, is stored in the tiny epidermal capsules that beset the leaves. It is only when the leaves are injured (and the capsules ruptured) that the leaves become repellent. Teucrein, in contrast, has no anti-insectan potency. It is present predominantly in the leaf buds, unlike dolichodial, which is present mostly in mature leaves. It is argued that teucrein is the storage compound from which dolichodial is generated during leaf development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001825
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic transformations of acquired lucibufagins by firefly “femmes fatales” (1999)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 9 (1999), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words.Photuris—Photinus ignitus— Coleoptera: Lampyridae — lucibufagins — steroidal pyrones — chemical defense — oxidation — glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. Female Photuris fireflies sequester defensive steroidal pyrones (lucibufagins) from male fireflies of the genus Photinus. Lucibufagin analyses of Photuris females and Photinus ignitus males show that the lucibufagin mixtures of predator and prey differ in their composition. Analyses of whole body extracts showed that P. ignitus males contain a mixture of eight non-glycosylated lucibufagins, composed mostly of compounds with two oxygenated positions in the steroidal A-ring (C-3, C-5). After feeding on P. ignitus males, Photuris females contain six major lucibufagins. Three of these compounds are not present in the prey, including the novel lucibufagin glycoside 5β,11α-dihydroxy-12-oxo-3β-O-β-D-xylopyranosylbufalin, and two other lucibufagins with a trioxygenated A-ring (C-2, C-3, C-5). These results indicate that Photuris females transform the sequestered lucibufagins both by glycosylation and oxidation, which could affect the systemic transportability of these compounds due to an increase in their polarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000490050040
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical egg defense in Photuris firefly “femmes fatales” (1999)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 9 (1999), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words:Photuris; Photinus ignitus; Coleoptera; Lampyridae; lucibufagin; steroidal pyrone; betaine; egg predation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. Female Photuris fireflies contain defensive chemicals of two types. They sequester steroidal pyrones (lucibufagins) from male fireflies of the genus Photinus that they eat, and themselves produce the defensive betaine N-methylquinolinium 2-carboxylate. Chemical analyses of Photuris eggs showed that females that fed on Photinus males endow their eggs with both lucibufagin and the betaine, while those that did not feed on Photinus lay eggs that contain betaine, but virtually no lucibufagin. Photuris females collected in the field during the Photinus flight season laid eggs that invariably contained betaine, but lucibufagin only at times. Predation experiments showed that Photuris eggs are essentially unacceptable to larvae of a coccinellid beetle (Harmonia axyridis) and an ant (Leptothorax longispinosus), but moderately acceptable to an earwig (Forficula auricularia). When applied experimentally to palatable insect eggs, lucibufagin proved deterrent to these three predators, while the betaine proved deterrent to the ant and coccinellid larva only. Both types of defensive compound decreased egg predation in the field. By endowing their eggs with both exogenous and endogenous chemicals, Photuris females are essentially “maximizing their options”– when feeding on Photinus, their eggs are doubly protected, but they are not entirely defenseless when the females are unable to procure lucibufagin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000490050051
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