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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Ophthalmologe 95 (1998), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Key words Screening • Microtropia • Amblyopia • Cost-effectiveness • Public health ; Schlüsselwörter Siebtest • Mikrostrabismus • Amblyopie • Wirtschaftlichkeit • Gesundheitsökonomie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Pro Jahrgang sind in Deutschland ca. 750.000 Kinder auf visuelle Entwicklungsstörungen zu untersuchen, wofür die konventionellen U-Vorsorgeuntersuchungen nicht ausreichend effektiv sind. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, den wirtschaftlichen Nutzen für die Sozialgemeinschaft von Alternativen der Amblyopie- und der Mikrostrabismusfrüherkennung im Alter von 24–48 Monaten zu untersuchen. Methode: Es wurden 3 Vorsorgeoptionen modellhaft verglichen: Option 1, eine orthoptische Untersuchung, welche vor Ort, z. B. im Kindergarten, eingesetzt wird; Option 2, eine untersucherunabhängige, gerätegestützte objektive Methode, ebenfalls vor Ort; Option 3, eine augenärztliche Untersuchung in der Praxis. Die Kosten von Früherkennung, Nachuntersuchungen und Behandlung in den 3 Optionen wurden für Prävalenzen amblyogener Faktoren von 1 % (kosmetisch unauffälliges Schielen) und von 5 % (allgemeine Amblyopierate) berechnet. Der „Ertrag“ durch die Behandlung wurde als Vermeidung einer verdienstrelevanten MdE von 3 % bzw. 1 % ermittelt. Die Steuer- und Beitragsmehreinnahmen der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung wurden eingesetzt, um die Kosten der Vorsorgeprogramme zu decken. Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen: Es wurden für die Optionen 1 und 2 günstige Nutzen-Kosten-Verhältnisse gefunden. Die praxisbasierte Option 3 war dagegen weniger kosteneffektiv. Das Nutzen-Kosten-Verhältnis fiel um so günstiger aus, je höher die Prävalenz war.
    Notes: Background and purpose: In Germany, 750,000 children are born per year who should be screened for developmental visual defects in the age range 24–48 months. However, the established pediatric screening program is not sufficient to prevent amblyopia. The purpose of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of alternatives for amblyopia and microtropia screening. Methods: Three options were compared: (1) an orthoptic screening carried out in the field, for instance in kindergartens, (2) an examiner-independent objective apparatus-based screening, and (3) a complete ophthalmological and strabismological examination carried out in a practice. The costs of screening, follow-up examinations and of the treatment were modelled for prevalences of 1 % (microtropia) and 5 % (amblyopia). The benefit due to treatment was calculated as the result of an avoided whole-person impairment of 3 % and 1 %. The income related, increased tax and health care payments were used to cover the costs. Results and conclusions: In options (1) and (2) there were favorable cost-effective ratios. The practice-based option 3 was economically less promising. The higher the prevalence was, the higher the resulting cost-effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 245 (1998), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Secondary dystonias ; Basal ganglia ; Neuroleptics ; Anticholinergics ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Secondary or symptomatic dystonias are (1) often accompanied by other neurological deficits, (2) begin suddenly at rest and occur at rest from the onset, (3) are associated with different hereditary and environmental causes. From an aetiological point of view, secondary dystonias can be caused by focal brain lesions of various origin, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), and several drugs and chemicals that affect the basal ganglia, thalamus and brain stem. Furthermore, secondary (focal) dystonias can be caused by peripheral injury. In the following review, we will discuss epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, neuroimaging, neuropathology, clinical manifestation, clinical course and differential diagnosis of secondary dystonias. Therapeutic options are given depending on the aetiology and the topological type of dystonia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Cardiac transplantation ; Sympathetic re-innervation ; Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine ; Thallium-201 ; Dual-isotope technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac transplantation entails surgical disruption of the sympathetic nerve fibres from their somata, resulting in sympathetic denervation. In order to investigate the occurrence of sympathetic re-dnnervation, neurotransmitter scintigraphy using the norepinephrine analogue iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) was performed in 15 patients 2–69 months after transplantation. In addition, norepinephrine content and immunohistochemical reactions of antibodies to Schwarm cell-associated S100 protein, to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and to norepinephrine were examined in 34 endomyocardial biopsies of 29 patients 1–88 months after transplantation. Anterobasal123I-MIBG uptake indicating partial sympathetic re-dnnervation could be shown in 40% of the scintigraphically investigated patients 37–69 months after transplantation. In immunohistochemical studies 83% of the patients investigated 1–72 months after transplantation showed nerve fibres in their biopsies but not positive reaction to norepinephrine. Significant norepinephrine content indicating re-dnnervation could not be detected in any biopsy. It was concluded that in spite of the lack of norepinephrine content there seemed to be immunohistological and scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic re-dnnervation. An explanation for this contradictory finding may be the reduced or missing norepinephrine storage ability compared to the restored uptake ability of regenerated sympathetic nerve fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Coronary artery disease ; Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty ; Noradrenaline depletion ; Metaiodobenzylguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a noradrenaline analogue which can be used as a tracer to investigate the cardiac sympathetic nervous system. Regional ischaemia leads to noradrenaline depletion with functional denervation which can be demonstrated by reduced MIBG uptake. In order to evaluate the reversibility of ischaemia-associated damage to the sympathetic nervous system, neuronal scintigraphy with 123I-MIBG and myocardial rest and stress perfusion scintigraphy with technetium-99m sestamibi was performed in 16 patients with coronary artery disease before and 3–4 months after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Partial re-innervation ocurred in five patients, the degree of stenosis of remaining lesions being estimated by repeat angiography to be below 40%. Unchanged MIBG defects cold be confirmed in four patients with residual lesions of between 40% and 50%. Increased MIBG defects were shown in three patients with significant restenoses of more than 70%. In all patients the neuronal defects exceeded the ischaemia-induced or scar-associated perfusion defects. Three patients dropped out of this study: one for technical reasons, one due to emergency aortocoronary bypass surgery and one due to diabetic polyneuropathy. This investigation shows that the sympathetic nervous system is highly sensitive to ischaemia. Further studies need to be done to assess the conditions allowing re-innervation after PTCA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Cardiac transplantation ; Radionuclide ventriculography ; Left ventricular function ; Cardiac allograft rejection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Discrepant results have previously been reported concerning long-term left ventricular function in the human transplanted heart as assessed by radionuclide ventriculography. In this study, radionuclide ventriculograms were obtained at rest and during exercise in 19 patients 〈6 months, 7–12 months, 13–24 months and 〉24 months after transplantation. Ejection fraction decreased significantly from 〈6 months to 13–24 months after transplantation (rest: 69.1%±9.7% to 56.7%±8.3%, P〈0.05; exercise: 70.4%±11.3% to 59%±8%, P〈0.05). Heart rate increased significantly during exercise after 〉2 years (90.2±10.5 beats/min to 103.5±15 beats/min, P〈0.05) but not within 6 months after transplantation (98.5±12.8 beats/min to 99.07±15.8 beats/min). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume remained unchanged. Peak filling rate at rest decreased significantly from 4.2±0.96 edv/s 〈6 months after transplantation to 3.3±0.66 edv/s (P〈0.05) 13–24 months and 3.3±0.64 edv/s (P〈0.05)〉24 months after cardiac transplantation. Exercise peak filing rate did not change significantly. It is concluded that radionuclide ventriculography demonstrates a decrease in systolic left ventricular function in the long-term course after cardiac transplantation. A significant increase in exercise peak heart rate may be due to autonomic reinnervation. Differences in the literature concerning left ventricular function may be due to different observation intervals following cardiac transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-09-08
    Description: Aims Morphologic complexity hampers histologic classification of thymomas. The use of novel differentiation and maturation markers of cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells (cTEC, mTEC) might provide an approach to understand the underlying biology of these tumours. Methods and Results 57 thymomas were studied by immunohistochemistry. Cortical markers used were β5T, PRSS16 and cathepsin V. Medullary markers used were CD40, Claudin-4, AIRE and desmin. Involucrin and cytokeratin 10 were used to study terminal mTEC maturation. Irrespective of histological subtype, most thymomas contained distinct areas with cortical and medullary differentiation. Type B1, B2 and AB thymomas showed marked bi-lineage differentiation with lack of terminal mTEC maturation in type AB. Type AB thymomas were unique by showing areas where cells with either cortical or medullary differentiation were intimately “mixed” at the single cell level. Type B3 and A thymomas showed only abortive lineage differentiation and maturation. Conclusions Thymomas exhibit highly characteristic patterns of bi-lineage TEC differentiation that reflect the histological subtypes recognized by the WHO classification. We hypothesize that thymomas arise from a thymic precursor cell with different cortical and/or medullary maturation defects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0309-0167
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2559
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-08-13
    Description: Influenza A virus (IAV)-induced severe disease is characterized by infected lung epithelia, robust inflammatory responses and acute lung injury. Since type I interferon (IFNαβ) and type III interferon (IFNλ) are potent antiviral cytokines with immunomodulatory potential, we assessed their efficacy as IAV treatments. IFNλ treatment of IAV-infected Mx1-positive mice lowered viral load and protected from disease. IFNα treatment also restricted IAV replication but exacerbated disease. IFNα treatment increased pulmonary proinflammatory cytokine secretion, innate cell recruitment and epithelial cell death, unlike IFNλ-treatment. IFNλ lacked the direct stimulatory activity of IFNα on immune cells. In epithelia, both IFNs induced antiviral genes but no inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, human airway epithelia responded to both IFNα and IFNλ by induction of antiviral genes but not of cytokines, while hPBMCs responded only to IFNα. The restriction of both IFNλ responsiveness and productive IAV replication to pulmonary epithelia allows IFNλ to limit IAV spread through antiviral gene induction in relevant cells without overstimulating the immune system and driving immunopathology. We propose IFNλ as a non-inflammatory and hence superior treatment option for human IAV infection. IFNα and IFNλ are both antiviral cytokines. IFNλ appears to confer better protection than IFNα in influenza experimentally infected organisms, as it helps control the virus in infected target cells in airway epithelia, and does not enhance inflammation in the lung.
    Print ISSN: 1757-4676
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-4684
    Topics: Medicine
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