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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C. :National Academies Press,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (231 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780309588096
    Language: English
    Note: Chemical Ecology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- The Chemistry of Defense: Theory and Practice -- DISTRIBUTION OF DEFENSES -- PATTERNS OF ALLOCATION -- SPECIAL CASE: HUMAN CHEMICAL DEFENSES -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- The Chemistry of Poisons in Amphibian Skin -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- The Chemistry of Phyletic Dominance -- ARTHROPOD CHEMICAL DEFENSES -- SPIDER VENOMS -- CHEMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO ARTHROPOD DOMINANCE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- The Chemistry of Social Regulation: Multicomponent Signals in Ant Societies -- PHEROMONE BLENDS -- MODULATION AND RITUALIZATION OF MULTICOMPONENT SIGNALS -- NESTMATE RECOGNITION AND EXCLUSION OF FOREIGNERS -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- The Chemistry of Eavesdropping, Alarm, and Deceit -- EAVESDROPPING -- ALARM -- DECEIT -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Polydnavirus-Facilitated Endoparasite Protection Against Host Immune Defenses -- IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND DEVELOPMENTAL ARREST -- DIVERSE STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESSFUL PARASITIZATION -- POLYDNAVIRUSES: GENERAL FEATURES -- POLYDNAVIRUS EXPRESSION IN THE HOST -- VIRAL MULTIGENE FAMILIES -- CYSTEINE-RICH GENE FAMILY -- GENE STRUCTURE OF WHV1.0, WHV1.6, AND VHV1.1 -- OPEN READING FRAMES OF THE CYSTEINE-RICH GENES -- VENOM-RELATED GENE FAMILY -- REPEAT GENE FAMILY -- PARASITE-VIRUS-HOST -- SEGMENTED VIRUS GENOMES: EVOLUTION AND FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE -- GENE FAMILIES: EVOLUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- The Chemistry of Gamete Attraction: Chemical Structures, Biosynthesis, and (A)biotic Degradation of ... -- BROWN ALGAE AND THEIR PHEROMONES -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF C11 HYDROCARBONS IN HIGHER AND LOWER PLANTS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) -- (A)BIOTIC DEGRADATION OF ALGAL PHEROMONES -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- The Chemistry of Sex Attraction -- OVERT CHEMICAL SIGNALS. , Rapid Identification of Pheromone Components with the Electroantennogram -- Complex Structures vs. Specific Blends -- SEX PHEROMONE PRODUCTION -- Key Biosynthetic Enzymes -- Hormonal Control -- PHEROMONE PERCEPTION -- Peripheral Detection -- Plume Structure -- Behavioral Thresholds -- Brain Black Box -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- The Chemistry of Sexual Selection -- DEFENSE -- COURTSHIP -- SEXUAL SELECTION -- PARENTAL INVESTMENT -- SPERM SELECTION -- ADDITIONAL FINDINGS -- THE BROADER PERSPECTIVE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- The Chemistry of Signal Transduction -- SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN T CELLS AND THE ROLE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS -- IMMUNOPHILINS AND THEIR COMPLEXES -- STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON IMMUNOPHILIN-IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT COMPLEXES -- FK506 AND PEPTIDOMIMICRY -- BROADER PERSPECTIVE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chemical Signals in the Marine Environment: Dispersal, Detection, and Temporal Signal Analysis -- SIGNAL RECEPTION AND ANALYSIS: TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL SIGNALS TO DETERMINE SPATIAL GRADIENTS -- Spatial Gradients in Turbulent Odor Plumes -- Orientation and Navigation in Odor Plumes -- Odor Sampling Behavior -- Temporal Resolution of Olfactory Receptor Cells -- Discussion -- SIGNAL PRODUCTION AND BROADCASTING: URINE DISPERSAL IN CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION -- Information Currents and Urine Signals -- Urine Signals in Dominance and Courtship -- Discussion -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Analysis of Chemical Signals by Nervous Systems -- ORIGINS OF OLFACTORY SYSTEMS -- Origins of Chemoreception -- Whence Olfaction? -- FROM STIMULANT MOLECULE TO MOLECULAR IMAGES IN THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM -- Common Features of Organization of Olfactory Systems -- The Primitives of Olfaction -- Molecular Images in Olfactory Pathways -- A CASE IN POINT: NEURAL PROCESSING OF SEX-PHEROMONAL INFORMATION IN MOTHS -- The Sex-Pheromonal Stimulus -- Detection of the Sex Pheromone. , Olfactory Transduction in Pheromone-Specific Receptor Cells -- Functional Organization of Central Olfactory Pathways -- Stimulus Quality -- Stimulus Quantity -- Stimulus Intermittency -- Synaptic Mechanisms in the AL -- Synaptic Interactions Between AL Neurons -- Higher Order Processing of Pheromonal Information in the CNS -- CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chemical Ecology: A View from the Pharmaceutical Industry -- SELECTION OF DRUG DISCOVERY TARGETS -- SELECTING SOURCES TO BE SCREENED FOR DRUGS AND LEADS -- INTEGRATING INFORMATION FROM MANY ORGANISMS TO GAIN INSIGHT FOR DRUG DESIGN -- EFFICIENT ROUTES TO THE DISCOVERY OF USEFUL COMPOUNDS -- LEARNING TO ASK BETTER QUESTIONS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Abbreviations -- Index.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Utethesia ; male-produced pheromone ; olfactory receptor neurons ; sexual selection ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Male Utetheisa ornatrixhave a pair of eversible glandular brushes (coremata) which are displayed during precopulatory interactions with the female. Earlier studies have shown that a pheromone associated with the coremata, hydroxydanaidal (HD), is derived by the males from pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) that they sequester as larvae from their foodplants (Crotalariaspp.) The PAs impart a “distastefulness” upon Utetheisathat protects both larvae and adults against predation. The receptor neurons specialized for detection of HD are housed in sensilla whose morphological features, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, classify them as sensilla basiconica. The sensitivity and dynamic range of these receptor neurons were largely unaffected by whether the females were raised on an alkaloid-free diet or on a diet supplemented with Crotalariaseeds. Acetylation of the hydroxyl group of HD substantially reduced the activity of the molecule. None of the antennal sensilla examined contained receptor neurons sensitive to a PA (monocrotaline) or its N-oxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Chrysopidae ; Araneidae ; lacewings ; spiders ; orb webs ; escape behavior ; prey capture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) fly into spider orb webs, they often simply reverse their flight direction and pull away (Table I). If a lacewing is trapped, it uses a specialized escape behavior. It first cuts away the sticky strands entangling head, feet, and antennae. If an antenna cannot be freed by tugging, it uses an “antenna climb” (Fig. 5A). After its body is free, the lacewing remains suspended by its hair-covered wings, which are held in a characteristic cruciform position (Fig. 5B). Orb web sticky strands adhere poorly to the hairy wings (Fig. 7), so the chrysopid may just wait until the strands slide off and it falls free. If placed in an orb web when the spider is at the web hub and ready to attack, a lacewing usually does not have time to escape (Fig. 1). When the spider is at the hub but eating, the chances of escape improve, and when the spider is away from the hub attacking other prey, nearly all lacewings in our experiment were able to escape. This finding emphasizes the importance of the spider's activity in its capture success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 38-38 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; insect repellent ; endangered species ; terpenes ; trans-pulegol ; Labiatae ; Dicerandra ; Pyralidae ; Pyrausta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analyses of leaf extracts ofDicerandra frutescens, a highly aromatic mint plant from central Florida listed as an endangered species, revealed presence of 12 closely related monoterpenes. The principal of these, (+)—trans-pulegol, is a new natural product, the synthesis of which is described. The terpenes are produced in glandular capsules that release their contents upon injury of the leaf. Data from bioassays with ants and cockroaches indicate that the terpenes serve for defense against insects.Dicerandra does, however, have a leaf-eating enemy, the caterpillar of a pyralid moth,Pyrausta panopealis. The discovery of a new natural product from an endangered species raises questions about the chemical implications of species extinction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 38-40 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: toxin sequestration ; predation ; human dietary hazard ; cantharidin ; Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta vittata ; Rana ; Hirudo ; Nerodia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Frogs(Rana pipiens) fed on blister beetles (Meloidae) or cantharidin, retain cantharidin systemically. After cessation of feeding, they void the compound relatively quickly. Systemic cantharidin does not protect frogs against ectoparasitic feeding by leeches(Hirudo medicinalis) or predation by snakes(Nerodia sipedon). As suggested by our data, and from reports in the early literature, ingestion of cantharidin-containing frogs can pose a health threat to humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chemoecology 10 (2000), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. Defensive glands – discharge mechanism – quinones – hydrocarbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. The earwig Doru taeniatum (Dermaptera, Forficulidae) has a pair of defensive glands, opening on the 4th abdominal tergite, from which it discharges a spray when disturbed. It aims the discharges by revolving the abdomen, a maneuver that enables it simultaneously to use its pincers in defense. The secretion contains two quinones (methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) present in the glands as a crystalline mass, together with pentadecane and a (presumably) aqueous phase. The gland openings are minute, with the result that virtually no quinone crystals are expelled with the spray. Only the two liquid phases are discharged, together with the ca. 1% quinone they carry in solution. Such a solute-economizing discharge mechanism appears to be without parallel among insect defensive glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. Chemical defense – insect repellent – terpenes – dolichodial – teucrein – Labiatae –Teucrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. The mint plant, Teucrium marum (family Labiatae), sometimes called cat thyme, contains two methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes, dolichodial and teucrein. The former compound is potently anti-insectan. It is repellent to ants (Monomorium pharaonis) and induces preening reflexes in flies (Phormia regina) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). Evidence is presented suggesting that dolichodial, which is presumed to be the plant's chief defensive agent, is stored in the tiny epidermal capsules that beset the leaves. It is only when the leaves are injured (and the capsules ruptured) that the leaves become repellent. Teucrein, in contrast, has no anti-insectan potency. It is present predominantly in the leaf buds, unlike dolichodial, which is present mostly in mature leaves. It is argued that teucrein is the storage compound from which dolichodial is generated during leaf development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words.Photuris—Photinus ignitus— Coleoptera: Lampyridae — lucibufagins — steroidal pyrones — chemical defense — oxidation — glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. Female Photuris fireflies sequester defensive steroidal pyrones (lucibufagins) from male fireflies of the genus Photinus. Lucibufagin analyses of Photuris females and Photinus ignitus males show that the lucibufagin mixtures of predator and prey differ in their composition. Analyses of whole body extracts showed that P. ignitus males contain a mixture of eight non-glycosylated lucibufagins, composed mostly of compounds with two oxygenated positions in the steroidal A-ring (C-3, C-5). After feeding on P. ignitus males, Photuris females contain six major lucibufagins. Three of these compounds are not present in the prey, including the novel lucibufagin glycoside 5β,11α-dihydroxy-12-oxo-3β-O-β-D-xylopyranosylbufalin, and two other lucibufagins with a trioxygenated A-ring (C-2, C-3, C-5). These results indicate that Photuris females transform the sequestered lucibufagins both by glycosylation and oxidation, which could affect the systemic transportability of these compounds due to an increase in their polarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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