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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Changes in Neural Connectivity Underlie Decision Threshold Modulation for Reward Maximization
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2012
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 32, No. 43 ( 2012-10-24), p. 14942-14950
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 32, No. 43 ( 2012-10-24), p. 14942-14950
    Abstract: Using neuroimaging in combination with computational modeling, this study shows that decision threshold modulation for reward maximization is accompanied by a change in effective connectivity within corticostriatal and cerebellar–striatal brain systems. Research on perceptual decision making suggests that people make decisions by accumulating sensory evidence until a decision threshold is crossed. This threshold can be adjusted to changing circumstances, to maximize rewards. Decision making thus requires effectively managing the amount of accumulated evidence versus the amount of available time. Importantly, the neural substrate of this decision threshold modulation is unknown. Participants performed a perceptual decision-making task in blocks with identical duration but different reward schedules. Behavioral and modeling results indicate that human subjects modulated their decision threshold to maximize net reward. Neuroimaging results indicate that decision threshold modulation was achieved by adjusting effective connectivity within corticostriatal and cerebellar–striatal brain systems, the former being responsible for processing of accumulated sensory evidence and the latter being responsible for automatic, subsecond temporal processing. Participants who adjusted their threshold to a greater extent (and gained more net reward) also showed a greater modulation of effective connectivity. These results reveal a neural mechanism that underlies decision makers' abilities to adjust to changing circumstances to maximize reward.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0573-12.2012
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Neural Characterization of the Speed–Accuracy Tradeoff in a Perceptual Decision-Making Task
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2011
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 2011-01-26), p. 1254-1266
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 2011-01-26), p. 1254-1266
    Abstract: Decisions often necessitate a tradeoff between speed and accuracy (SAT), that is, fast decisions are more error prone while careful decisions take longer. Sequential sampling models assume that evidence for different response alternatives is accumulated over time and suggest that SAT modulates the decision system by setting a lower threshold (boundary) on required accumulated evidence to commit a response under time pressure. We investigated how such a speed accuracy tradeoff is implemented neurally under different levels of sensory evidence. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and a face-house categorization task, we show that the later decision- and motor-related systems rather than the early sensory system are modulated by SAT. Source analysis revealed that the bilateral supplementary motor areas (SMAs) and the medial precuneus were more activated under the speed instruction and correlated negatively (right SMA) with the boundary parameter, whereas the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was more activated under the accuracy instruction and showed a positive correlation with the boundary. The findings are interpreted in the sense that SMA activity dynamically facilitates fast responses during stimulus processing, potentially by disinhibiting thalamo-striatal loops, whereas DLPFC reflects accumulated evidence before response execution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4000-10.2011
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1475274-8
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Parametrical and Trial-to-Trial Variation in Prior Probability Processing Revealed by Simultaneous Electroencephalogram/Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2010
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 30, No. 49 ( 2010-12-08), p. 16709-16717
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 30, No. 49 ( 2010-12-08), p. 16709-16717
    Abstract: Prior knowledge of the probabilities concerning decision alternatives facilitates the selection of more likely alternatives to the disadvantage of others. The neural basis of prior probability (PP) integration into the decision-making process and associated preparatory processes is, however, still essentially unknown. Furthermore, trial-to-trial fluctuations in PP processing have not been considered thus far. In a previous study, we found that the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in a precueing task is sensitive to PP information (Scheibe et al., 2009). We investigated brain regions with a parametric relationship between neural activity and PP and those regions involved in PP processing on a trial-to-trial basis in simultaneously recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Conventional fMRI analysis focusing on the information content of the probability precue revealed increasing activation of the posterior medial frontal cortex with increasing PP, supporting its putative role in updating action values. EEG-informed fMRI analysis relating single-trial CNV amplitudes to the hemodynamic signal addressed trial-to-trial fluctuations in PP processing. We identified a set of regions mainly consisting of frontal, parietal, and striatal regions that represents unspecific response preparation on a trial-to-trial basis. A subset of these regions, namely, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the inferior parietal lobule, showed activations that exclusively represented the contributions of PP to the trial-to-trial fluctuations of the CNV.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3949-09.2010
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Temporal Characteristics of the Influence of Punishment on Perceptual Decision Making in the Human Brain
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2013
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 33, No. 9 ( 2013-02-27), p. 3939-3952
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 33, No. 9 ( 2013-02-27), p. 3939-3952
    Abstract: Perceptual decision making is the process by which information from sensory systems is combined and used to influence our behavior. In addition to the sensory input, this process can be affected by other factors, such as reward and punishment for correct and incorrect responses. To investigate the temporal dynamics of how monetary punishment influences perceptual decision making in humans, we collected electroencephalography (EEG) data during a perceptual categorization task whereby the punishment level for incorrect responses was parametrically manipulated across blocks of trials. Behaviorally, we observed improved accuracy for high relative to low punishment levels. Using multivariate linear discriminant analysis of the EEG, we identified multiple punishment-induced discriminating components with spatially distinct scalp topographies. Compared with components related to sensory evidence, components discriminating punishment levels appeared later in the trial, suggesting that punishment affects primarily late postsensory, decision-related processing. Crucially, the amplitude of these punishment components across participants was predictive of the size of the behavioral improvements induced by punishment. Finally, trial-by-trial changes in prestimulus oscillatory activity in the alpha and gamma bands were good predictors of the amplitude of these components. We discuss these findings in the context of increased motivation/attention, resulting from increases in punishment, which in turn yields improved decision-related processing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4151-12.2013
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Scaffold for Efficiency in the Human Brain
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2013
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 33, No. 43 ( 2013-10-23), p. 17150-17159
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 33, No. 43 ( 2013-10-23), p. 17150-17159
    Abstract: The comprehensive relations between healthy adult human brain white matter (WM) microstructure and gray matter (GM) function, and their joint relations to cognitive performance, remain poorly understood. We investigated these associations in 27 younger and 28 older healthy adults by linking diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected during an n-back working memory task. We present a novel application of multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis that permitted the simultaneous modeling of relations between WM integrity values from all major WM tracts and patterns of condition-related BOLD signal across all GM regions. Our results indicate that greater microstructural integrity of the major WM tracts was negatively related to condition-related blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in task-positive GM regions. This negative relationship suggests that better quality of structural connections allows for more efficient use of task-related GM processing resources. Individuals with more intact WM further showed greater BOLD signal increases in typical “task-negative” regions during fixation, and notably exhibited a balanced magnitude of BOLD response across task-positive and -negative states. Structure—function relations also predicted task performance, including accuracy and speed of responding. Finally, structure–function–behavior relations reflected individual differences over and above chronological age. Our findings provide evidence for the role of WM microstructure as a scaffold for the context-relevant utilization of GM regions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1426-13.2013
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Positively Biased Processing of Self-Relevant Social Feedback
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2012
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 32, No. 47 ( 2012-11-21), p. 16832-16844
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 32, No. 47 ( 2012-11-21), p. 16832-16844
    Abstract: Receiving social feedback such as praise or blame for one's character traits is a key component of everyday human interactions. It has been proposed that humans are positively biased when integrating social feedback into their self-concept. However, a mechanistic description of how humans process self-relevant feedback is lacking. Here, participants received feedback from peers after a real-life interaction. Participants processed feedback in a positively biased way, i.e., they changed their self-evaluations more toward desirable than toward undesirable feedback. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we investigated two feedback components. First, the reward-related component correlated with activity in ventral striatum and in anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/MPFC). Second, the comparison-related component correlated with activity in the mentalizing network, including the MPFC, the temporoparietal junction, the superior temporal sulcus, the temporal pole, and the inferior frontal gyrus. This comparison-related activity within the mentalizing system has a parsimonious interpretation, i.e., activity correlated with the differences between participants' own evaluation and feedback. Importantly, activity within the MPFC that integrated reward-related and comparison-related components predicted the self-related positive updating bias across participants offering a mechanistic account of positively biased feedback processing. Thus, theories on both reward and mentalizing are important for a better understanding of how social information is integrated into the human self-concept.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3016-12.2012
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Human Scalp Potentials Reflect a Mixture of Decision-Related Signals during Perceptual Choices
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2014
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 34, No. 50 ( 2014-12-10), p. 16877-16889
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 34, No. 50 ( 2014-12-10), p. 16877-16889
    Abstract: Single-unit animal studies have consistently reported decision-related activity mirroring a process of temporal accumulation of sensory evidence to a fixed internal decision boundary. To date, our understanding of how response patterns seen in single-unit data manifest themselves at the macroscopic level of brain activity obtained from human neuroimaging data remains limited. Here, we use single-trial analysis of human electroencephalography data to show that population responses on the scalp can capture choice-predictive activity that builds up gradually over time with a rate proportional to the amount of sensory evidence, consistent with the properties of a drift-diffusion-like process as characterized by computational modeling. Interestingly, at time of choice, scalp potentials continue to appear parametrically modulated by the amount of sensory evidence rather than converging to a fixed decision boundary as predicted by our model. We show that trial-to-trial fluctuations in these response-locked signals exert independent leverage on behavior compared with the rate of evidence accumulation earlier in the trial. These results suggest that in addition to accumulator signals, population responses on the scalp reflect the influence of other decision-related signals that continue to covary with the amount of evidence at time of choice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3012-14.2014
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Atypical Reflexive Gaze Patterns on Emotional Faces in Autism Spectrum Disorders
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2010
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 30, No. 37 ( 2010-09-15), p. 12281-12287
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 30, No. 37 ( 2010-09-15), p. 12281-12287
    Abstract: Atypical scan paths on emotional faces and reduced eye contact represent a prominent feature of autism symptomatology, yet the reason for these abnormalities remains a puzzle. Do individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) fail to orient toward the eyes or do they actively avoid direct eye contact? Here, we used a new task to investigate reflexive eye movements on fearful, happy, and neutral faces. Participants (ASDs: 12; controls: 11) initially fixated either on the eyes or on the mouth. By analyzing the frequency of participants' eye movements away from the eyes and toward the eyes, respectively, we explored both avoidance and orientation reactions. The ASD group showed a reduced preference for the eyes relative to the control group, primarily characterized by more frequent eye movements away from the eyes. Eye-tracking data revealed a pronounced influence of active avoidance of direct eye contact on atypical gaze in ASDs. The combination of avoidance and reduced orientation into an individual index predicted emotional recognition performance. Crucially, this result provides evidence for a direct link between individual gaze patterns and associated social symptomatology. These findings thereby give important insights into the social pathology of ASD, with implications for future research and interventions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0688-10.2010
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Neural Processing of Risk
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2010
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 30, No. 19 ( 2010-05-12), p. 6613-6619
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 30, No. 19 ( 2010-05-12), p. 6613-6619
    Abstract: In our everyday life, we often have to make decisions with risky consequences, such as choosing a restaurant for dinner or choosing a form of retirement saving. To date, however, little is known about how the brain processes risk. Recent conceptualizations of risky decision making highlight that it is generally associated with emotions but do not specify how emotions are implicated in risk processing. Moreover, little is known about risk processing in non-choice situations and how potential losses influence risk processing. Here we used quantitative meta-analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments on risk processing in the brain to investigate (1) how risk processing is influenced by emotions, (2) how it differs between choice and non-choice situations, and (3) how it changes when losses are possible. By showing that, over a range of experiments and paradigms, risk is consistently represented in the anterior insula, a brain region known to process aversive emotions such as anxiety, disappointment, or regret, we provide evidence that risk processing is influenced by emotions. Furthermore, our results show risk-related activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex in choice situations but not in situations in which no choice is involved or a choice has already been made. The anterior insula was predominantly active in the presence of potential losses, indicating that potential losses modulate risk processing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    How Embodied Is Perceptual Decision Making? Evidence for Separate Processing of Perceptual and Motor Decisions
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2013
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 33, No. 5 ( 2013-01-30), p. 2121-2136
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 33, No. 5 ( 2013-01-30), p. 2121-2136
    Abstract: The extent to which different cognitive processes are “embodied” is widely debated. Previous studies have implicated sensorimotor regions such as lateral intraparietal (LIP) area in perceptual decision making. This has led to the view that perceptual decisions are embodied in the same sensorimotor networks that guide body movements. We use event-related fMRI and effective connectivity analysis to investigate whether the human sensorimotor system implements perceptual decisions. We show that when eye and hand motor preparation is disentangled from perceptual decisions, sensorimotor areas are not involved in accumulating sensory evidence toward a perceptual decision. Instead, inferior frontal cortex increases its effective connectivity with sensory regions representing the evidence, is modulated by the amount of evidence, and shows greater task-positive BOLD responses during the perceptual decision stage. Once eye movement planning can begin, however, an intraparietal sulcus (IPS) area, putative LIP, participates in motor decisions. Moreover, sensory evidence levels modulate decision and motor preparation stages differently in different IPS regions, suggesting functional heterogeneity of the IPS. This suggests that different systems implement perceptual versus motor decisions, using different neural signatures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2334-12.2013
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1475274-8
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