Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 B Cell Development and Maturation -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Immunoglobulin (Ig) Gene Rearrangement -- 1.2.1 Structure of Ig Genes -- 1.2.2 The Mechanism of V(D)J Recombination -- 1.2.3 B Cell Receptor Expression and Tonic Signaling -- 1.3 B-2 Cell Development and Maturation -- 1.3.1 BM Microenvironment -- 1.3.2 Stages of B Cell Development and Important Transcription Factors -- 1.3.3 B Cell Central Tolerance -- 1.3.4 B-2 Cell Maturation in the Periphery -- 1.3.4.1 Transitional B Cells -- 1.3.4.2 Follicular and Marginal Zone B Cells -- 1.3.5 B Cell Peripheral Tolerance -- 1.4 Development of B-1 Cells -- 1.4.1 B-1 Cell Developmental Model -- 1.4.2 Lineage Model -- 1.4.3 Selection Model -- 1.4.4 Two-Pathway Model -- 1.4.5 Regulation of B-1a vs B-1b Cell Development -- 1.4.6 The Functions of B-1 Cells -- 1.4.6.1 Natural Antibody Secretion -- 1.4.6.2 Pathogen Defense -- 1.4.6.3 Tissue Homeostasis Maintenance and Autoimmunity -- 1.4.7 Human B-1 Cells -- 1.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 B Cell Receptor Signaling -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 BCR Signaling Pathways -- 2.2.1 Proximal B Cell Receptor Signaling Events -- 2.2.2 PLCγ2-Calcium-NFAT Pathway -- 2.2.3 IKK/NFκB Pathway -- 2.2.4 Ras/ERK Pathway -- 2.2.5 PI3K Pathway -- 2.3 Negative Regulators of BCR Signaling -- 2.3.1 Negative Regulation of the Proximal BCR Signaling -- 2.3.2 Negative Regulation of the PLCγ2-Calcium-NFAT Pathway -- 2.3.3 Negative Regulation of the IKK/NFκB Pathway -- 2.3.4 Negative Regulation of the Ras/ERK Pathway -- 2.3.5 Negative Regulation of the PI3K Pathway -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in BCR Signaling as a Second Messenger -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms for Intracellular ROS Production. , 3.3 Redox Regulation of Signaling and Redoxosome -- 3.4 Role of ROS in BCR Signaling -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Germinal Center Reaction -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Initiation of GC Reaction -- 4.3 Establishment of Dark and Light Zones -- 4.4 SHM and CSR -- 4.5 Positive Selection of High-Affinity Clones in the GC -- 4.6 CD4+ T Help in the GC -- 4.7 Post-GC Cell Fate -- 4.8 BCL6: A Master Transcriptional Regulator of GC Reaction -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Memory B Cells in Local and Systemic Sites -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Memory B-Cell Formation -- 5.3 Maintenance of Memory B Cells -- 5.4 Reactivation of Memory B Cells -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Regulation of Plasma Cell Differentiation -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Initiation of Plasma Cell Differentiation -- 6.3 Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Plasma Cell Differentiation -- 6.4 B Cell Selection in Germinal Center -- 6.5 GC-Derived Plasma Cells -- 6.6 Plasma Cell Precursors in the GC -- 6.7 Signals That Induce Plasma Cell Differentiation in GC -- 6.8 GC B Cell-Tfh Cell Interactions for Plasma Cell Generation -- 6.9 Regulation of Plasma Cell Generation by Heterogenous Tfh Cells -- 6.10 Regulation of Plasma Cell Generation by T Follicular Regulatory Cells -- 6.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Regulation of Humoral Immune Responses and B Cell Tolerance by the IgM Fc Receptor (FcμR) -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Molecular Characteristics of FcμR -- 7.3 FcμR in B Cell Development and Maturation -- 7.4 FcμR in B Cell Survival and Activation -- 7.5 Role of FcμR in Humoral Immune Responses -- 7.6 FcμR in Infectious Immunity -- 7.7 FcμR in B Cell Tolerance -- 7.8 Functional Relationship Between IgM-C′ and IgM-FcμR Pathways -- 7.9 FcμR in Human Diseases -- 7.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements. , References -- 8 Regulatory B Cells -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Breg-Cell Phenotype -- 8.2.1 Breg Cells in Mouse -- 8.2.1.1 Common Breg-Cell Subsets -- 8.2.1.2 The Unique CD5+CD1dhi Breg Cells -- 8.2.1.3 Other New Breg-Cell Subsets -- 8.2.2 Breg Cells in Human -- 8.2.3 Regulatory and Effector B Cells -- 8.3 Development and Differentiation of Breg Cells -- 8.4 The Mechanisms of Breg-Cell Regulation -- 8.4.1 Cytokine-Producing Breg Cell -- 8.4.2 Regulatory Plasma Cells and Anti-Inflammatory Antibodies -- 8.5 Cellular Targets of Breg Cell-Mediated Suppression -- 8.5.1 Suppression of Effector T Cells -- 8.5.2 Enhancing the Production of Tregs -- 8.5.3 B Cells -- 8.5.4 Other Cell Targets of Breg Cell-Mediated Suppression -- 8.6 Breg Cells in Diseases -- 8.6.1 Breg Cell in Autoimmune Diseases -- 8.6.2 Breg Cells in Cancer -- 8.6.3 Breg Cell in Transplantation -- 8.6.4 Breg Cell in Infection -- 8.6.5 Other Conditions -- 8.7 Breg Cell-Targeted Therapies -- 8.8 Conclusions and Outstanding Questions -- References -- 9 Diversified IgA-Bacteria Interaction in Gut Homeostasis -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Selective Bacteria Suppression by Gut IgA -- 9.3 Polyreactive IgA-Bacteria Bindings -- 9.4 IgA Dependent Mucus Association of Gut Microbiota -- 9.5 Dynamics and Maintenance of Gut IgA -- 9.6 IgA Induction -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Primary Antibody Deficiencies -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Defects in Early B Cell Development -- 10.2.1 Defects in Pre-BCR Component -- 10.2.2 Defects in Pre-BCR Signaling -- 10.2.3 Other Forms of Early B Cell Development Deficiency -- 10.3 Defects in B Cell Survival, Activation and Differentiation -- 10.3.1 Defects in B Cell Survival -- 10.3.2 Defects in B Cell Activation -- 10.3.3 Defects in B Cell Differentiation -- 10.3.4 Defects in Ab Secretion. , 10.3.5 Other Genetic Defects Involved in CVID -- 10.4 Defects in Class-Switch Recombination -- 10.4.1 Defects in T Cells -- 10.4.2 Defects in B Cells -- 10.5 IgA Deficiency -- 10.6 Hyper-IgE Syndrome -- 10.6.1 STAT3-Associated HIES -- 10.6.2 Autosomal Recessive HIES -- 10.7 Other Ab Deficiencies -- 10.7.1 Isolated IgG Subclass Deficiency -- 10.7.2 κ Light Chain Deficiency -- 10.7.3 Specific Ab Deficiency with Normal Ig Concentrations -- 10.8 Clinical Features Associated with PADs -- 10.8.1 Infections -- 10.8.2 Autoimmunity -- 10.8.3 Malignancy -- 10.9 Treatment -- 10.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 B Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 B Cell Tolerance Checkpoints in Autoimmune Disease -- 11.3 B Cells in the Target Tissues During Autoimmune Development -- 11.4 Antibody-Dependent B Cell Functions in Autoimmune Diseases -- 11.5 Antibody-Independent B Cell Functions in Autoimmune Diseases -- 11.5.1 Antigen Presentation -- 11.5.2 Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Productions by B Cells -- 11.5.3 Regulatory B Cells -- 11.6 Targeting B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases -- 11.6.1 B Cell Depletion Therapy -- 11.6.2 Targeting Immune Checkpoints -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 B Cell Lymphoma -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 B-acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (B-ALL/LBL) -- 12.3 Hodgkin Lymphoma -- 12.3.1 Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma -- 12.3.2 Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma -- 12.4 B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas -- 12.4.1 Monoclonal B Cell Lymphocytosis (MBL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) -- 12.4.2 Follicular Lymphoma (FL) -- 12.4.3 Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) -- 12.4.4 Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) -- 12.4.5 EBV+ Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas and EBV+ Mucocutaneous Ulcer. , 12.4.5.1 EBV+ Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas -- 12.4.5.2 EBV+ Mucocutaneous Ulcer -- 12.4.6 Burkitt Lymphoma -- 12.4.7 High-Grade B Cell Lymphomas -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.