Note: Intro -- Preface for English Version -- Preface -- Contents -- Notations -- 1 Inspired by Nature -- 1.1 1986 Izu-Oshima Eruption -- 1.1.1 Changes in Eruption Styles -- 1.1.2 Bubbles and Crystals -- 1.2 Pumice and Plinian Eruption -- 1.2.1 Eruption Emitting Pumice or Scoria -- 1.2.2 Towada Volcano -- 1.2.3 Widespread Volcanic Ash -- 1.2.4 Reticulite: The Ultimate Pumice -- 1.2.5 Volcanic Eruptions as Global Phenomena -- 1.2.6 Variety and Unified Classification of Explosive Eruptions -- 1.3 Lava Dome and Pyroclastic Flow -- 1.3.1 Eruptions that Do Not Produce Pumice or Scoria: Non-explosive Eruptions -- 1.3.2 Heisei Eruption of Unzen Volcano -- 1.3.3 Temporal Change of Discharge Rate -- 1.3.4 Block-and-Ash Flow -- 1.3.5 Interior of Pyroclastic Particles -- 1.3.6 Microlite -- 1.4 Crystallization and Vesiculation of Magma that Cooled down and Solidified -- 1.4.1 Dike as a Place for Cooling Crystallization Experiment in Nature -- 1.4.2 Vesiculation in Dikes -- 1.4.3 Magma Vesiculation as a Driving Force for Volcanic Explosions -- References -- 2 Conditions for Magma Vesiculation -- 2.1 Significance of Equilibrium Theory -- 2.2 Solubility of Gas Components in Liquid and Henry's Law -- 2.3 Dissolution Reaction of Water in Silicate Melt -- 2.4 Change of Solubility with Pressure: Burnham's Model -- 2.5 Solubility When Bubbles and Liquid Have Different Pressure -- 2.5.1 General Case Where Bubbles and Liquid Are Not in Mechanical Equilibrium -- 2.5.2 Case Where Bubbles and Liquid Are in Dynamic Equilibrium -- 2.6 Pressure Dependence of Solubility of Water in the Case of Incomplete Dissociation -- 2.7 Change in Solubility by Temperature -- 2.8 The Influence of Water on Melting Points of Crystals and Decompression-Vesiculation Induced Crystallization -- 2.9 Concentration of Volatiles and Vesiculation Caused by Cooling Crystallization. , 2.10 A System Containing Carbon Dioxide -- 2.10.1 Solubility of Carbon Dioxide -- 2.10.2 Solubility in a System Containing Water and Carbon Dioxide -- 2.10.3 Gas Composition Change with Progress of Vesiculation Relationship Among Total Pressure, Partial Pressure, and Solubility -- 2.10.4 Gas Composition and Change of Pressure with Addition of Carbon Dioxide-Rich Fluid -- References -- 3 Mechanism of Bubble Formation -- 3.1 Energetics of Bubble Nucleation -- 3.1.1 Thermodynamics of Fluctuations -- 3.1.2 Energy of Bubble Generation -- 3.2 Homogeneous Nucleation -- 3.3 Kinetics of Bubble Nucleation -- 3.3.1 Master Equation -- 3.3.2 Fokker-Planck Equation for Bubble (Cluster) Size Distribution -- 3.3.3 Equilibrium Distribution -- 3.3.4 Derivation of the Steady State Nucleation Rate -- 3.3.5 Steady State Size Distribution -- 3.4 Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 3.5 Non-steady State Nucleation Rate -- 3.6 Various Kinds of Correction for Classical Nucleation Theory -- 3.6.1 Tolman Correction -- 3.6.2 Poynting Correction -- 3.6.3 Viscosity Correction -- References -- 4 Growth and Expansion of Bubbles -- 4.1 Outline of Calculation of Bubble Growth and Expansion -- 4.2 Equilibrium Concentration at the Bubble Surface -- 4.2.1 General Expression -- 4.2.2 Equilibrium Concentration in the Mechanical Equilibrium -- 4.2.3 Expression Using the Critical Radius -- 4.3 Steady-State Diffusion-Limited Growth -- 4.3.1 Case Not Including the Advection Term -- 4.3.2 Case Including the Advection Term -- 4.4 Non-steady State Diffusion Growth -- 4.5 Bubble Expansion Under Mechanical Equilibrium -- 4.5.1 Adiabatic Expansion Versus Isothermal Expansion and the Influence of Latent Heat -- 4.5.2 Expansion Rate of Bubbles as a Function of the Bubble Radius -- 4.6 An Equation Describing Change in the Bubble Radius in a Viscous Fluid: The Rayleigh-Plesset Equation. , 4.7 Time Change of Bubble Expansion: Inertial Expansion -- 4.7.1 Bubble Expansion in Inviscid Liquid -- 4.7.2 The Case Where the Pressure in Bubbles is Constant: Simple Inertial Expansion -- 4.8 The Influence of Viscosity on Bubble Expansion: Viscosity-Limited Expansion -- 4.8.1 The Case Where Pressure in Bubbles and Overpressure in Bubbles are Constant -- 4.8.2 Expansion Under Constant Amount of Decompression -- 4.8.3 The Case of Decompression at a Constant Rate -- 4.8.4 Bubble Growth Calculation with a Combination of Diffusion and Viscosity -- 4.9 Outline of Bubble Growth and Experimental Results -- 4.9.1 Characteristic Timescale in Bubble Growth -- 4.9.2 Dimensionless Parameters Controlling Bubble Growth -- 4.9.3 Comparison with Experiments -- 4.10 Extension of the Rayleigh-Plesset Equation -- 4.10.1 Extension to Viscoelastic Liquid -- 4.10.2 Extension to Multi-bubbles: A Cell Model -- References -- 5 Temporal Development of Vesiculation -- 5.1 Overall Scheme -- 5.2 Temporal Development of Vesiculation Using the Eulerian Approach -- 5.2.1 Partial Differential Equation Representing the Conservation of the Number of Bubbles -- 5.2.2 Derivation of a Moment Equation -- 5.3 Temporal Development of Vesiculation Using the Lagrangian Approach -- 5.4 Controlling Parameters in Decompression-Induced Vesiculation -- 5.5 Temporal Development of Vesiculation Under the Condition of Constant Decompression Rate -- 5.5.1 Decompression Rate -- 5.5.2 Solution by Moment Equations Based on Eulerian Description -- 5.5.3 Solution by Lagrangian Description -- 5.5.4 Bubble Growth as a Factor Determining BND -- 5.6 Temporal Development of Vesiculation Process Under the Condition of a Constant Amount of Decompression -- 5.6.1 Outline of Nucleation and Growth -- 5.6.2 Maximum Nucleation Rate -- 5.6.3 Bubble Number Density. , 5.6.4 The Rate of Decrease in Water Concentration in Melt -- 5.7 Vesiculation Experiments -- 5.7.1 Experiment Under Constant Decompression Rates -- 5.7.2 Experiment Under Constant Amount of Decompression -- 5.8 The Limits of Homogeneous Nucleation -- 5.9 Second Nucleation -- References -- 6 Other Bubble-Related Processes -- 6.1 Secondary Growth of Bubbles: Ostwald Ripening -- 6.1.1 Mechanism of Secondary Growth -- 6.1.2 Solution of the Size Distribution by Lifshitz and Slyozov (The LS Theory) -- 6.1.3 Qualitative Understanding of the Growth Law -- 6.1.4 Comparison with Experiments -- 6.2 Deformation of Bubbles -- 6.2.1 Theoretical Study -- 6.2.2 Experimental Study -- 6.3 Coalescence of Bubbles -- 6.3.1 Coalescence Frequency -- 6.3.2 Shortening Process of Interbubble Distance: An Elemental Process of Coalescence -- 6.3.3 Shape Relaxation of Bubbles -- 6.3.4 Temporal Development of Size Distribution in the Case Where the Initial Size Distribution Is Monodisperse -- 6.3.5 Analysis by Continuous Size Distribution -- 6.3.6 Comparison with Experiments -- 6.4 Development of Gas Permeability -- 6.4.1 Importance of Gas Permeability -- 6.4.2 Bubble Connection in an Isotropic Field Without Flow -- 6.4.3 Bubble Connection in Shear Flow -- 6.5 Detachment and Ascending of Bubbles -- 6.5.1 Detachment of Bubbles -- 6.5.2 Bubble Ascent -- 6.5.3 Bubble Ascent and Advective Overpressure -- 6.6 Bubble Shrinkage -- 6.6.1 Rayleigh Collapse -- 6.6.2 The Influence of Gas in Bubbles on Bubble Shrinkage -- 6.7 Bubble Oscillation -- 6.7.1 The Case Where the Amount of Gas in a Bubble Is Constant -- 6.7.2 Linear Analysis of the Rayleigh-Plesset Equation -- 6.8 Influence of Viscoelasticity of Liquid on Collapse and Oscillation of Bubbles -- References -- 7 Cooling Crystallization of Magma -- 7.1 Thermodynamics of Cooling Crystallization. , 7.1.1 Melting Points of Crystals and Equilibrium Phase Diagrams -- 7.1.2 Thermodynamic Discussion of Crystal Nuclei and Gibbs-Thomson Relation -- 7.2 Classical Understanding of Igneous Rock Texture Using Nucleation Rate and Growth Rate -- 7.3 Nucleation of Crystals -- 7.3.1 Basic Characteristics of Homogeneous Nucleation -- 7.3.2 Comparison with Nucleation Experiments -- 7.4 Diffusion-Limited Growth -- 7.4.1 Steady-State Diffusion Growth of Spherical Crystals -- 7.4.2 Non-steady State Diffusion Growth on the Plane Crystal Face -- 7.5 Reaction-Limited Growth -- 7.5.1 Theoretical Consideration -- 7.5.2 Comparison with Experiments -- 7.5.3 Balanced Growth Between Diffusion and Reaction -- 7.6 Temporal Development of the Crystallization Process: Crystallization of a Binary Eutectic System -- 7.6.1 Scaling and Controlling Parameters -- 7.6.2 Basic Behavior of the Crystallization Process Under Constant Heat Loss -- 7.6.3 Crystallization Parameters Characterizing Crystallization Process -- 7.6.4 Relationship Between the Cooling Rate Dependence of the Crystal Number Density and the Crystal Growth Law -- 7.6.5 Comparison with Laboratory Experiments -- 7.6.6 Experiments in Nature -- 7.6.7 Summary of Factors Controlling the Crystal Number Density -- 7.7 Chemical Composition of Crystals -- 7.7.1 The Solid-Liquid Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in Binary Solid Solution and Chemical Composition of Crystals -- 7.7.2 Relationship Between the Growth Law and Zoning Structure -- 7.7.3 Diffusion Profile Taking the Moving Interface into Consideration and Chemical Composition of Crystals -- References -- 8 Crystallization Induced by Vesiculation -- 8.1 Similarity and Difference Between Decompression-Induced Crystallization and Cooling Crystallization -- 8.1.1 Phase Equilibrium Relation -- 8.1.2 The Degree of Supercooling in Decompression-Induced Crystallization. , 8.2 Crystallization in the Equilibrium Vesiculation Regime.